The rawa da kuma yin amfani da carbohydrates. A amfani da carbohydrates a magani

Carbohydrates - wani muhimmanci bangaren Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na wani rai gabar, zama da shi shuka, dabba, ko da mutum. Su dokoki ne ainihin adadin da kwayoyin halitta na duniya duniya. Carbohydrates - a fairly m aji na mahadi. Daga cikin su za ka iya samu dama abubuwa a kan kaddarorin. Godiya ga wannan alama, carbohydrate ayyuka ne sosai m. Yau za mu tattauna da asali Properties, physiological rawar da yin amfani da carbohydrates a daban-daban kwatance abinci (kuma ba kawai) masana'antu.

kafofin carbohydrates

Babban kafofin carbohydrates - abinci na shuka asalin. Wato, gurasa, hatsi, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries. Kamar yadda na dabba da kayayyakin, wasu daga cikinsu ma mai arziki a carbohydrates. Shi ne, na farko, da madara, wanda ya ƙunshi da ake kira madara da sukari.

Kayayyakin abinci na iya ƙunsar daban-daban carbohydrates. Saboda haka, da darajar, da yin amfani da carbohydrates, kuma su yi aiki ne sosai m. A hatsi da kuma dankalin turawa, sitaci ne - hadaddun carbohydrate ne insoluble a ruwa, wanda aka raba cikin sauki sugars da mataki na narkewa kamar juices. A 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu da kuma berries daga cikin wadannan abubuwa aka gabatar a cikin nau'i na sauki sugars:' ya'ya, gwoza, kara, innabi da sauransu. Su ruwa mai narkewa da kyau samamme ta jiki. Sugar, ruwa mai narkewa, suna da sauri tunawa a cikin jini.

cin carbohydrates

An yi imani da cewa mafi yawan carbohydrates kamata a cinyewa a cikin wani nau'i na hadaddun, kuma kawai 20-25% a cikin sauki. Yana taimaka wa sauka a hankali shigarwa na sugars a cikin nama. Idan mutum ya samun daga abinci da isasshen adadin carbohydrates, suna ajiye a cikin hanta da kuma tsokoki a cikin nau'i na "dabba sitaci" glycogen. Tare da kasawa na carbohydrates, glycogen ajiye aka cleaved cikin glucose da kuma amfani da bukatun da kwayoyin (ikon Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki). Idan jiki samun su wuce haddi, sai su juya a cikin kitse. Af, yana nufin carbohydrates a matsayin mai, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga ta dace narkewa.

Carbohydrates - muhimman aka gyara na rage cin abinci, saboda haka suka ba kawai sa makamashi homeostat jiki, amma kuma da hannu a cikin biosynthesis da dama carbon-dauke da polymers. A kan wani rayuwa, da talakawan mutum jan game da 14 ton daga wadannan mahadi. Daga cikin wadannan, kamar 2.5 ton - a da hanya mai sauƙi. A amfani da sunadarai, fats, carbohydrates, kuma su Kalam ba gaba ɗaya a cikin abinci. Carbohydrates - babban ɓangare na mu rage cin abinci. Su cinye 4 sau da yawa gina jiki ko mai. A wani sauki, gauraye rage cin abinci, game da 60% na makamashi da mutum samun daga carbohydrates. Su main aiki a cikin jiki - bada makamashi. A mafi jiki ayyuka na mutum rayuwa, da karin da ya bukatar carbohydrates. Lokacin da masu zama a gida salon a wadannan abubuwa bukatar rage-rage. Ga waɗanda aka bai tsunduma a jiki aiki, da kullum da ake bukata domin carbohydrates ne game da 400 grams.

Order of 50-65% carbohydrates zo a cikin jikin mu da hatsi kayayyakin. 15-25% - tare da sukari da kuma sukari kayayyakin. Game da 10% - a root- da tuber amfanin gona. Kuma game da 5-7% - da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.

Carbohydrates ne sosai karfi irritant exocrine pancreas da kuma mafi yawan aiki stimulator na kira na insulin, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsari na carbohydrate metabolism da kuma kula da mafi kyau duka glucose homeostasis. Overloading sauki carbohydrates a tsawon shekaru take kaiwa zuwa β-cell hyperplasia, sa'an nan - to Fainting insular tsarin da halittar abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaban ciwon sukari.

rarrabuwa na carbohydrates

Dangane da tsarin, da rushe kuma sha kudi na carbohydrates, wanda aka hada da abinci kasu kashi sauki da kuma hadaddun. By kawai hada monosaccharides (fructose, glucose, galactose) da kuma disaccharides (sucrose, lactose). K hadaddun - polysaccharides (cellulose, sitaci, glycogen). Bayan da abar carbohydrates, a kowane daga cikin azuzuwan, akwai sauran, kasa sanannun abu.

sauki carbohydrates

Mono- da di-saccharides ne readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma sauƙi samamme ta jiki. Suna bambanta da wani furta zaki da dandano, don haka shi ne sau da yawa kira sauki sugars. Mafi na kowa monosaccharide ne glucose kunshe ne a cikin daban-daban da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma berries, kuma ma hada a tsakiyan nonon na di- da polysaccharides. Glucose, sau daya a cikin jiki, da sauri ya sami aikace-aikace. Yana Forms glycogen, amfanin jiki kwakwalwa nama da kuma tsokoki (ciki har da zuciya), da kuma shirya jini sugar matakan. Lokacin da aikinsa glucose za a iya kai tsaye amfani da makamashi Madogararsa.

Ya na kama da dũkiyarsu da kuma fructose. Ana iya gani a matsayin mai muhimmanci, sauƙi digestible carbohydrate. Amma, idan aka kwatanta da glucose, fructose ne har yanzu hankali zuwa nike da hanji, da kuma, sau daya a cikin jini, da sauri ya fita da jini rafi. Up to 80% fructose an riƙe a cikin hanta, hana supersaturation na jini sugar. Duk da haka, da hanta synthesizes a glycogen fructose sauki fiye da glucose. Idan aka kwatanta da sucrose, fructose ne mafi alhẽri tunawa da yana da mafi girma zaƙi. Saboda karshe dukiyar da ake so matakin da zaƙi da samfurin, za ka iya amfani da wani karami adadin fructose, game da shi, rage total amfani da sugars. Wannan shi ne yanayin a cikin shiri na rage cin abinci na caloric ƙuntatawa. Idan akai la'akari da yin amfani da carbohydrates a rayuwarka, musamman hankali ya kamata a biya su rage cin abinci abinci. Fructose ne sau da yawa amfani da wani abun zaki a yi na kayayyakin ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari.

Tare da wani wuce haddi na sucrose disrupted mai metabolism da kuma ya karu mai samuwar. Bugu da kari, riga tabbatar da cewa tare da kara adadin sukari da shiga jiki, kara kira na kitse daga hadaddun carbohydrates, mai, kuma ko da kai tsaye gina jiki. Sanadiyar haka ne, da adadin sukari amfani da mutum, zai iya ƙwarai tsara mai metabolism.

Tare da m amfani da sugar fara take hakkin cholesterol metabolism da kuma kara da abun ciki a cikin jini. Bugu da kari, da suka wuce haddi sugar ne mafi sharri a cikin hanji Flora - kwayoyin qara taro na, surkin jini, surkin jini tafiyar matakai an kara, da kuma tasowa flatulence. Kadan sau da yawa, wadannan illa an lura a cikin yin amfani da fructose. Babban tushen carbohydrates akwai 'ya'yan itãcen da berries. A yawa fructose kuma glucose samu a cikin zuma: 37,1 da 36,2%, bi da bi. Duk da sugar, wanda shi ne a kankana - fructose shi ne, shi ne game da 8%.

Next monosaccharide - galactose. Ya aka iske ba a abinci a cikin free form. Galactose - shi ne lactose tsakiyan nonon samfurin, babban carbohydrate na madara.

Game da disaccharide, babban daga cikinsu a mu rage cin abinci ne sucrose. A hydrolysis da shi tsãgewar ƙwãyar cikin fructose kuma glucose. Babban kafofin ne sucrose, gwoza da kuma kara sukari. A sugar abun ciki na yashi-carbohydrate kai 99,75%. Bugu da kari, sucrose da aka samu a 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu da kuma melons.

hadaddun carbohydrates

Polysaccharides ne mafi hadaddun tsarin da kwayoyin da wani musamman low solubility a ruwa. Wannan aji hada da: sitaci, cellulose, glycogen, da kuma pectin. Amfani da carbohydrates a cikin wannan aji rarraba wa sãɓãwar launukansa digiri. Babban sinadirai masu darajar ne sitaci. Its babban abun ciki a cikin hatsi ne babban factor alhakin da sinadirai masu darajar. A rage cin abinci na da talakawan mutum sitaci daukan up 80% na jimlar carbohydrates cinye. Da zarar a cikin jiki, shi ya jũya a cikin sauki carbohydrates da kuma yin ayyuka.

Game da glycogen, shi ne a jikin mu taka rawar da kuzari kayan abinci aiki tsokoki da kuma kayan ciki. Glycogen ake mayarwã ta hanyar reosintez saboda glucose.

Pectin - mai narkewa abu, da narkewar a cikin jiki. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kwanan nan karatu a fagen lafiya abinci mai gina jiki, pectin za a iya amfani da prophylactic da warkewa dalilai a cikin cututtuka na gastrointestinal fili.

A fiber tsarin ne sosai a kusa da polysaccharides. Its babban abun ciki na hatsi kayayyakin an san. Har ila yau, adadin fiber a cikin samfurin, babban muhimmanci shi ne ta quality. A softer da carbohydrate, da mafi alheri shi ne rushe a cikin Gut, da kuma cewa ya zo da karin amfani ga mutum. Wadannan Properties da fiber kayan lambu da kuma dankali. An muhimmanci alama ne da ikon da polysaccharide ga kau na cholesterol daga jikin mutum. Yanzu la'akari da yin amfani da carbohydrates a more daki-daki.

parenteral abinci mai gina jiki

A amfani da carbohydrates a magani da aka girma cikin sauri a yau. Parenteral abinci mai gina jiki - igiyar jini gwamnati da na gina jiki. Ana amfani da a lokuta inda haƙuri shi ne iya ci da kansa. A amfani da carbohydrates a parenteral abinci mai gina jiki ne sosai na kowa. Suna amfani domin sauki dalilin cewa su ne mafi samuwa tushen samar da makamashi ga jikin mutum. Carbohydrate Energy darajar 4 kcal / g. A kullum 'yan adam da ake bukata domin samar da makamashi daga jeri 1.5 zuwa 2 dubu da adadin kuzari. Saboda haka matsalar da isolating carbohydrates domin biyan bukatun. Bayyana, a isotonic glucose bayani gaba daya ya rufe da mutum caloric bukatun dole ne a zuba daga 7 zuwa 10 lita na bayani. Wannan zai iya kai wa ga m obalodi, na huhu edema da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini cuta.

Amfani da more fi mafita na glucose fraught tare da wasu m sakamakon - fitowan jini hyperosmolarity da stimulations intimal jannayẽnsa (phlebitis da thrombophlebitis). Kuma domin kawar da hadarin da osmotic diuresis, bukatar kula da glucose jiko rate a cikin kewayon 0.4 zuwa 0.5 g / kg / h. Idan muka maida wannan adadi zuwa wani isotonic glucose bayani ba kadan fiye da 500 mm awa ga wani haƙuri yin la'akari 70 kg. Don hana cin zarafi na haƙuri ga carbohydrates da kuma tarzomar da rikitarwa, glucose da aka kara wa wani bayani da insulin. A lissafi aka yi bisa ga dabara: 1 U 3-4 grams na bushe glucose. Insulin ba kawai yana da kyau sakamako a kan glucose yin amfani, amma kuma taimaka wa al'ada amino acid sha.

A amfani da carbohydrates a magani dogara a kan nau'in. A parenteral abinci mai gina jiki suna yadu amfani: fructose, glucose, sorbitol, dextran, glycerol da ethyl barasa.

da inganci abinci

Akwai da yawa abun da ake ci da cewa su ne bisa cikakken ko m wariya daga cikin abinci na carbohydrates abinci, kazalika da karuwa a amfani da furotin da kuma kitse. A US Department of Agriculture gudanar da wani binciken, bisa ga abin da aka gano cewa, mutanen da suke cin abinci mai arziki a cikin carbohydrates, mafi yawa da wata al'ada nauyi. Abinci, wanda ya ƙunshi mai yawa carbohydrates, mafi gina jiki, amma kasa da adadin kuzari.

Kamar yadda ka sani, a Amurka, fiye da rabin yawan shan wahala daga matsalar wuce haddi nauyi. Kuma da yawan irin wadannan mutane ne na girma sosai a hannunsu. Dogon lokacin da yawan binciken for edible kayayyakin ya nuna cewa mutane a rage cin abinci mamaye carbohydrates, sami kasa da adadin kuzari fiye da son da furotin da kuma kitse, da wannan adadin abinci. Wannan rukuni na mutane daga dukan weights, kuma akwai fiye da 10,000 mutane, mafi ƙasƙanci jiki taro index. Dalilin shi ne, 1000 adadin kuzari na carbohydrate-dauke da abinci da yawa da zare da ruwa. Wannan rukuni na mutane da samun wani abinci mafi gina jiki, wato bitamin A da kuma C, carotene, alli, da baƙin ƙarfe, da magnesium. Fats, cholesterol, tutiya, sodium da kuma bitamin B12 a cikin abun da ake ci na dauke da kananan har.

A amfani da carbohydrates da fats a abinci ne a hankali alaka. Duk da haka, a matsayin yin amfani da carbohydrates to sunadaran. A high dace na carbohydrates a matsayin makamashi Madogararsa ta'allaka da ikon kare gina jiki. Lokacin da wani babban adadin carbohydrates, jiki yana amfani da m amino acid a matsayin makamashi shiga cikin abinci abu. A general, wadannan abubuwa ba su da muhimmanci aka gyara na abinci, domin su za a iya hada daga amino acid da kuma glycerin, duk da haka, wanda ya kamata ba rashin sanin cikakken farashi rawar da suka taka. Amfani da carbohydrates a cikin abinci ya kamata a kalla 50 grams per day. In ba haka ba, dõmin ta kasance wata take hakkin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa.

Duk da haka, da suka wuce haddi ci carbohydrate take kaiwa ga samuwar na subcutaneous mai. Lokacin gina rage cin abinci, yana da muhimmanci ba kawai don gamsar da mutum bukatar wadannan abubuwa, amma kuma daidaita da amfani da daban-daban. Yana da muhimmanci wajen saka idanu da rabo daga sauki da hadaddun carbohydrates. Lokacin da jiki na'am da yawa sugars, ba za su iya ba da cikakken za a hada su glycogen da triglycerides wuce a inganta da samuwar m nama. Lokacin da jini insulin ciki ya karu, da tsari da aka kara.

Complex carbohydrates, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da sauki, karye sannu a hankali, don haka su abun ciki a cikin jini yana ƙaruwa a hankali. A wannan connection, shi ne bu mai kyau da cewa babban ɓangare na carbohydrate a abinci kasance kamar wuya a digestible abubuwa. Su nauyi dole ne tsakanin 80 da kuma kashi 90 cikin dari. A rashin hadaddun carbohydrates musamman m ga wadanda suka sha wahala daga ciwon sukari, kiba, atherosclerosis da kuma cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin.

Kamar yadda ka sani, mafi carbohydrates ana amfani da abinci da kuma magani. Amma a cikin wannan yanki na aikace-aikace na carbohydrates ba ya kawo karshen akwai. Inda kuma za su yi amfani da?

glucose

Wannan carbohydrate yana da kyau samamme ta jiki da kuma za a iya amfani da abun da ke ciki na wasu magunguna. Bugu da ƙari kuma, glucose ne yadu amfani a cikin confectionery masana'antu. Tare da taimakon da suke jellies, caramel, kukis da kuma sauran kayayyakin. A cikin yadi masana'antu da shi abubuwa a matsayin rage wakili. Kuma a samar da glycolic acid da kuma ascorbic acid, glucose ne farawa abu. Tare da shi kuma za'ayi kira na wasu daga cikin samar da sugars.

Da irin muhimmancin ne glucose fermentation. Ya zo tare da sauerkraut, kokwamba, madara da kuma sauran kayayyakin, kazalika da silage. A samar da giya ta amfani da giya fermentation na glucose.

sitaci

Sitaci - mai muhimmanci na gina jiki. Don yi da shi mafi saukin samamme ta jiki, da kayayyakin an hõre zafi magani. A karkashin yanayi na high zafin jiki ne m hydrolysis na sitaci, kazalika da samuwar ruwa mai narkewa dextrins. Dextrin, sau daya a cikin narkewa kamar fili ne hydrolyzed to glucose, wanda yana da kyau samamme ta jiki. Idan muka yi magana game da yin amfani da carbohydrates a cikin masana'antu, ba zai iya watsi da sitaci. Babban kayayyakin da ake samar daga shi - glucose da kuma glucose syrup. Wannan kara shimfida yanki a cikinsa muke da zama da amfani da carbohydrates. A takaice bayyana tsari na samar da glucose da kuma sitaci syrup iya zama kamar haka.

Sitaci mai tsanani a cakuda da tsarma sulfuric acid. Wuce haddi acid da aka neutralized da alli. A precipitate alli sulphate, wanda aka kafa a lokacin neutralization da aka tace a kashe. Sa'an nan da bayani da aka mayar da hankali da kuma zama ruwan dare gare glucose. Idan ba ka kawo da hydrolysis da ƙarshen, ka samu wata cakuda glucose to dextrins, da ake kira molasses. Ana amfani da a cikin confectionery masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dextrins samu daga sitaci suna yadu amfani da wani m da kuma thickener for Paints. Sitaci ya tabbatar da yadda za bambancin aikace-aikace na iya zama carbohydrates. Sunadarai matakai, ta haka, an ba wuya.

Baya amfani starching lilin, wanda damar masana'anta numfashi a karo na biyu rayuwa kuma tsawanta ta sabis rayuwa. Sitaci kayayyakin samu daga gare sami aikace-aikace a cikin yadi, Pharmaceutical da kuma foundry masana'antu.

cellulose

The m amfani da carbohydrates ya kasance kullum babu kasa mai muhimmanci fiye da nazarin halittu rawa. A amfani da carbohydrates za a iya samu a sosai daban-daban kwatance na mutum aiki. Cellulose (fiber) amfani da mutum tun lokacin da. A farko, mutane suka fara yin amfani da itace kamar yadda man fetur da kuma gini abu. Sa'an nan, auduga, flax da sauran fibrous shuke-shuke sun koyi yin thread. Daga baya, da fasahar bayyana, za a iya samu daga itace takarda. Takarda, da asalinta, shi ne wani bakin ciki Layer da cellulose zaruruwa, wanda suna guga man da gam. A sakamakon haka ne m, m surface a kan abin da tawada ba yada.

Da farko, ga yi da takarda ta amfani kawai kayan albarkatun kasa (auduga da shinkafa mai tushe). Daga wannan zalla mechanically cirewa zaruruwa. Amma a matsayin ci gaban al'umma, wadannan kafofin bai isa ya rufe da bukatar da takarda. Babban yawa na shi ne a kan takarda. Ganin cewa ingancin da takarda ba m, shi ya fara kara har zuwa kashi 50 cikin ƙasa itace. Daga bisani akwai fasahar to rabu da irin wannan rakiyar abubuwa katako kamar yadda resins, lignin da sauransu. Wancan ne, dõmin bambancin iya zama m aikace-aikace na carbohydrates.

Don kwanan wata, ya fi na kowa hanya ne rabuwar cellulose sulphite. Ana amfani da a fagage daban-daban, inda a can ne a amfani da carbohydrates. Chemical tsari ne quite sauki. Ta wannan hanya, da katako murƙushe kuma Boiled a cakuda da alli hydrogen sulfate. Shin sa'an nan liberated daga dukan impurities rabu a kan cellulose tacewa. A sakamakon sayar da giya da aka hada da monosaccharides, don haka aka yi amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa domin barasa samarwa. Kuma cellulose amfani a yi na viscose, acetate da cuprammonium zaruruwa.

Wani lokacin kuskure domin carbohydrates hydrocarbons. Duk da cewa wadannan biyu azuzuwan abubuwa ake magana a kai a cikin tune, ba su da wani dangane da juna. A amfani da cikakken hydrocarbons a cikin gida da kuma a aiki - yana da wani kaucewa daban-daban labarin.

ƙarshe

Yau kai ne ka kara bunkasa su ilmi na kayan kamar carbohydrates. Properties da kuma aikace-aikace na carbohydrates, kuma su yi amfani da mutane bayar da shawarar cewa wadannan abubuwa ne masu muhimmanci da nazarin halittu aka gyara na duniya tamu. Su ne a zahiri a ko'ina da kuma a cikin komai. Amma wannan shi ne ba da muhimmanci, amma gaskiyar cewa rayuwar mu ne ba carbohydrates ba zai yiwu ba. Too m amfani da carbohydrates a rayuwa.