Hubble m. The fadada daga cikin talikai. Hubble ta Law

Idan wani yana zaton cewa da kalmar "watsa" ne zalla wasa a cikin matsananci, "antisupruzhesky" harafin ne kuskure. Akwai yafi ban sha'awa fassarar. Alal misali, cosmological Hubble ta Dokar nuna cewa galaxy samun ...!

Iri uku nebulae

Tunanin: a baki, wata babbar injin star tsarin zare jiki da sannu a hankali daga juna, "Good-bankwana! Sai anjima! Goodbye. " Zai yiwu, baya "lyrical digressions" da kuma juya wa hujjojin kimiyya. A shekara ta 1929, mafi tasiri falakin na XX karni American masanin kimiyya Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) zo ga ƙarshe cewa akwai wani kwari fadada daga cikin talikai.

Man, da dukan balagaggun rai ga unraveling tsarin da halittu, da aka haife shi a Marshfield (Missouri). Tare da yaro kusoshi sha'awar ilmin taurari, amma yana yiwuwa ta zama bokan lauya. Bayan kammala karatu daga jami'ar Cambridge, Edwin yi aiki, a Birnin Chicago, a Observatory York. A yakin duniya na farko (1914-1918 gg.) Suka yi yãƙi. Frontline shekaru kawai tura mayar da bude lokaci. Yau, duka kimiyya duniya ya san abin da Hubble m.

A kan hanyar zuwa gano

Bayan ya dawo daga gaba, da masanin kimiyyar ya juya, ya da hankali ga astronomical Observatory Dutsen Wilson (California). Ya aka karɓa aiki a can. A soyayya da ilmin taurari, saurayin ya ciyar da yawa lokaci neman a babbar size na nesa kusa ruwan tabarau 60 da 100 inci. A wannan lokacin - babbar, mafi dama! A na'urori, da? Ir sun yi aiki domin kusan shekaru goma, don tabbatar da mafi girma zai yiwu magnification da image tsabta.

Ka tuna, da bayyane iyaka na sararin samaniya da ake kira Metagalaxy. Ta zo zuwa jihar a lokacin da Big Bang (da cosmological singularity). Modern arziki ya furta cewa, cikin dabi'u na jiki constants ne kama (watau gudun haske, da na farko cajin, da dai sauransu). An yi imani da cewa Metagalaxy ruwansa da biliyan 80 taurari (m adadi sauti kamar wannan: 10 sextillion da kuma 1 quadrillion taurari). A siffar, nauyi da kuma size - ga talikai ne gaba daya daban-daban fiye da samu a duniya ra'ayi.

m Cepheid

Don tabbatar da wani ka'idar don bayyana fadada daga cikin sararin samaniya, yana daukan dogon zurfin bincike hadaddun kwatancen da lissafin. A farkon twenties na XX karni na karshe soja ya karshe iya rarraba nebulae lura dabam daga Milky Way. Bisa ga samu, suka karkace, elliptical da sababbu (uku jinsunan).

A cikin mafi kusantar star tsarin, amma ba mafi kusa karkace nebula Andromeda, Edwin gan Cepheid (aji na pulsating taurari). Hubble ta dokar da aka taba kusa ta karshe samuwar. Falakin lasafta da nisa zuwa wadannan tashoshin da size daga cikin mafi girma galaxy na Local Group. Bisa ga karshe ANDROMEDA qunshi kamar daya triliyan taurari (2.5-5 sau da Milky Way).

m

Wasu malaman, bayanin yanayin da Cepheids, kwatanta su da inflatable roba bukukuwa. Su sa'an nan kara, sa'an nan ragu, sa'an nan kusa, sa'an nan ta karkata. Cikinsa da radial gudu dabam. A matsawa da yawan zafin jiki na "matafiyi" ƙaruwa (ko da yake cikin farfajiya rage-rage). Pulsating taurari ne m Pendulum cewa, jima ko daga baya daina.

Kamar sauran nebula, Andromeda ne halin da kimiyya a matsayin wani tsibirin a duniya a sarari, reminiscent na mu galaxy. A shekara ta 1929, Edwin samu: radial velocities na taurari da kuma su nisa ne m, ne linearly dogara. coefficient an tsare, shi da aka bayyana a km / s Mpc (Mpc). Wannan ne da aka sani a matsayin Hubble m. Fadada duniya - canza akai. Amma a wani lokaci, a duk wuraren duniya ba, daidai ne tsarin. A shekara ta 2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc.

Ganin cewa na tsarin na sararin duniya, da ci gaba ya ci gaba, Kalmomin, sa'an nan samu observational akai. A tsari ne rayayye karatu ilmin taurari kafin farkon yakin duniya na II. A shekarar 1942 ya jagoranci sashen na waje ballistics a Aberdeen Gaskata Ground (USA). Shin wannan mafarki aboki, watakila, da mafi m, a duniyar kimiyya? A'a, ya so "karanta" da dokoki na boye sasanninta na m taurari! Game da ra'ayin siyasa,, da falakin bayyane Allah wadai da shugaba na uku Reich da Adolf Hitler. A karshen rayuwarsa ya aka sani da Hubble mai iko husũma amfani da makaman kare dangi. Amma baya ga nebula.

Velikiy Edvin

Mutane da yawa astronomical constants ana daidaita a kan lokaci, akwai sabon binciken. Amma da suka ba za a iya kwatanta ta da Attaura talikai ta bazuwa. Shahararren falakin Hubble XX karni (tun lokacin samman ya takwarorina ba!) Saka kan daidai da kafa gwaji kimiyyar lissafi da Galileo da marubucin m fitarwa na wanzuwar gagarumi tsarin da William Herschel.

Ko kafin Hubble ta dokar da aka gano, marubucin zama memba na National Academy of Sciences na United States of America, daga baya da kwalejojin a kasashe daban-daban, yana da yawa awards. Mutane da yawa sun yiwuwa ji game da gaskiyar cewa fiye da goma da suka wuce, an kaddamar da a cikin sarari guda da kuma nasarar aiki sarari kawo nesa kusa "Hubble". Wannan sunan shi ne a bakin dutse a kan wata, daya daga cikin qananan taurari orbiting tsakanin Mars kuma Jupiter (da asteroid).

Shi ba zai zama quite gaskiya ce cewa kawai falaki da so da dorewar sunansa, amma akwai tsaye ba da shaida cewa Edwin son jawo hankalin da hankali. Ajiye hoto a cikin abin da ya nishadi ko fara'a, inda kodayaushe gaba da movie taurari. Just a kasa za mu gaya game da wannan yunkuri zuwa "gyara" da nasara matakin a kan yabon, mafi kuma haka ya shiga cikin tarihi na cosmology.

Henrietta Leavitt Hanyar

Shahararren Birtaniya astrophysicist Stiven Hoking a cikin littafinsa "A Brief History of Time", rubuta cewa "da gano cewa ta ne fadada, ya zama mafi girma ilimi juyin juya halin na XX karni". Hubble ya m isa ya zama a daidai wurin a lokacin da ya dace. Dutsen Wilson Observatory shi ne cibiyar da kallo na aikin da underlies sabon astrophysics (daga baya ya kira cosmology). A mafi yawan iko kawo nesa kusa a Duniya Hooker ya kawai ya sa a cikin aiki.

Amma da Hubble m aka wuya bude kawai a kan tushen da sa'a. Bukatar ha uri da, juriya, da ikon lashe ilimi kishiyoyinsu. Saboda haka Amirka falakin Harlou Shepli miƙa model na Galaxy. Ya aka riga aka sani a matsayin masanin kimiyya, to ayyana girman da Milky Way. Shi ne yadu used hanya domin kayyade nesa na Cepheids amfani da hanya kõma sama a 1908 da Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Yana buga da nisa zuwa abu, bisa ga misali bambancin da haske daga cikin haske taurari (Cepheid canji).

Babu turɓãya da gas, da kuma sauran taurari

Harlou Shepli yi imani da cewa da nisa daga cikin galaxy 300,000 haske shekaru (game da goma fiye da sau da halatta darajar). Duk da haka, Shapley, kamar mafi ilmin Taurari a lokacin, ya tabbatar da cewa Milky Way - wannan shi ne dukan duniya. Duk da shawara na farko sanya ta William Herschel a cikin XVIII karni, ya raba da kowa imani da cewa duk da nebula mun gwada kusa abubuwa - kamar wani tabo na turɓaya da gas a cikin sama.

Ta yaya da yawa m, sanyi dare ciyar Hubble zaune a iko kawo nesa kusa Hooker kafin ya iya tabbatar da cewa Shapley ba daidai ba. A watan Oktoba 1923, Edwin lura a cikin nebula M31 (Andromeda) "karya fita" da magana, kuma da shawarar cewa ya ba ya kasance a cikin Milky Way. Bayan hankali jarrabawa na daukar hoto faranti, wanda aka kama da wannan yanki baya bincika da sauran ilmin Taurari, ciki har da Shapley, Edwin gane cewa shi Cepheid.

gano Cosmos

Hubble amfani Shapley hanya domin aunawa da nisa zuwa m taurari. Sai ya juya daga cewa shi nawa to miliyoyin haske shekaru daga Earth cewa ne zuwa yanzu fiye da Milky Way. A galaxy kanta ƙunshi miliyoyin taurari. Known Universe ya kumbura da cika fuska a rana, da kuma - in ji - halittu da aka samu!

Jaridar "New York Times" ya rubuta cewa: "A samu daga karkace nebulae ne star tsarin Dr. Hubbel (sic) goyon bayan da ra'ayin cewa su ne kamar." Island kaunun "kama da namu." Discovery ya na bayar da muhimmanci ga astronomical duniya, amma mafi girma lokacin da Hubble har yanzu su zo.

babu canzawa

Kamar yadda muka ce, wata nasara ga "samman №2» zo a cikin shekara ta 1929, a lokacin da ya classified duk aka sani nebula da kuma auna su velocities daga jere haske jefarwa. Its lissafi na ban samu cewa duk yawan taurari suna matafã ba daga mu a gudu gwargwado ga su kara nisa daga Milky Way, ya girgiza duniya. Hubble da dokar ta soke gargajiya ra'ayin wani a tsaye sararin samaniya, da kuma nuna cewa ita kanta tana cike da kuzarin kawo cikas. Einsten da kansa, ya sunkuyar da kansa a gaban irin wannan ban mamaki iko na kallo.

Author ka'idar dangantakar gyara nasu lissafai, wanda kubutar fadada daga cikin talikai. Yanzu, Hubble nuna cewa Einstein da yake daidai. Hubble lokaci - da kishiya na Hubble m (t _H = 1 / H). Wannan shi ne halayyar lokaci na fadada daga cikin talikai a wannan lokacin.

Fashe, ta kuma warwatse

Lokacin da akai a shekara ta 2016 Year of daidai 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc, da fadada yanzu halin da wadannan Figures: (4,61 ± 0,05) · Oktoba ^17, ko da (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ shekaru. Sa'an nan, a bit na ci mutumci. Optimists ce: shi ne mai kyau da cewa galaxy "shiƙar sa." Idan muka kwatanta da cewa su kusanci juna, jima ko daga baya ya zo da Big Bang. Amma shi ne a nan cewa fara da haihuwa na duniya.

Galaxy "garzaya" (fara matsawa) a cikin daban-daban kwatance a lokaci guda. Idan kau kudi ya ba gwargwado ga nesa - ka'idar m fashewa. Wani wanda aka samu m - Hubble nesa - da samfurin na gudun haske _{sau: D H = CT H = c} / H. A halin yanzu - (1,382 ± 0,015) · 10 ²⁶ m ko (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ haske shekaru.

Kuma a sake a kan wani inflatable balan-balan. An yi imani da cewa ko da ilmin Taurari ba ko da yaushe daidai fassara fadada daga cikin talikai. Part masana yana zaton cewa shi ne inflated kamar roba ball, ba da sanin wani jiki gazawa. Yawan taurari da kansu ba kawai motsi daga gare mu, amma kuma m "busybodies" a gyarawa gungu. Wasu na da'awa cewa m taurari "iyo" jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga Big Bang, amma yin haka sannu a hankali.

Zan iya zama ta Nobel

Hubble aka ƙoƙarin samun Nobel Prize. A cikin marigayi 1940s, ko hayar wani talla wakili (a yau shi za a kira wani PR manajan), ya ci gaba da harka. Amma kokarin da suke a banza: babu category ga ilmin Taurari. Edwin ya mutu a 1953, a cikin shakka daga kimiyya da bincike. Domin da dama dare ya lura extragalactic abubuwa.

Ya latest m mafarki zauna unfulfilled. Amma da masanin kimiyyar lalle ne dã murna cewa a cikin girmamawa da sarari kawo nesa kusa ne mai suna. Kuma 'yan'uwan ƙarni na hankali ci gaba da gano wata babbar da kuma ban mamaki sarari. Yana har yanzu riqe da yawa asirai. Nawa binciken ya zo! Kuma Kalam na Hubble akai, domin tabbatar, zai taimaka wani daga matasa masana kimiyya ya zama "samman №3».

husũmar Aristotle

Abin da za a tabbatar da ko kushe, kamar yadda a lokacin da a cikin turɓãya tashi ka'idar rashin iyaka, har abada, kuma immutability na sarari a kusa da qasa, wanda aka goyan bayan Aristotle kansa? Ya danganta fasali da kuma kamalar duniya. Cosmological manufa tabbatar: duk abin da gudana, duk abin da canje-canje.

An yi imani da cewa a biliyoyin shekaru da sammai suna da komai da duhu. Fadada na "kwashi" galaxy na cosmic sararin sama, inda hasken ba zai iya isa mu. So da Hubble m ne dace ko wani komai a duniya? Abin da zai faru ga kimiyya na cosmology? Yana zai bace? Duk wannan shi ne hasashe.

redshift

A halin yanzu, da kawo nesa kusa "Hubble" Ya sanya wani hoto cewa ya shaida ga duniya fanko mu har yanzu suna da nisa. A wani kwararren yanayi a cikin shakka daga ra'ayin cewa m samu na Edwin Hubble, amma ba da doka. Duk da haka, an kusan nan da nan a gane a cikin kimiyya al'umma na lokacin. Abun Lura na "ja motsi" ba kawai lashe hakkin ya wanzu, shi ne gaskiya, kuma a cikin XXI karni.

Kuma a yau, domin sanin da nisa zuwa taurari, bisa superotkrytie masanin kimiyya. Optimists jayayya da cewa ko da idan mu galaxy zai zama kawai "kuskure" ba mu da. Akwai zai zama biliyoyin Dwarf taurari da kuma taurari. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusa da mu zai ci gaba da zama "layi daya halittu" da cewa bukatar da za a bincika.