Organic mahadi da su rarrabuwa

A rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan ka'idar gudanar da mahadi, da sinadaran tsarin na A. M. Butlerova. -Din-din rarrabuwa - kafuwar kimiyya nomenclature. Godiya mata, shi ya zama zai yiwu ba a sunan ga kowane daga cikin a baya aka sani da sabon kwayoyin halitta, ta amfani da samuwa tsarin dabara.

Classes hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi

Organic abubuwa suna classified ta biyu babban halaye: da sarrafawa da kuma yawan aikin kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin da carbon tsarin kwarangwal.

Carbon kwarangwal wakiltar wani moiety cewa shi ne isasshe barga a daban-daban sunadarai halayen. Organic mahadi kasu kashi manyan kungiyoyin, yayin da shan la'akari da kwayoyin tsarin kwayoyin halitta.

Acyclic mahadi (biosoedineniya m ko aliphatic fili). Wadannan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi a cikin kwayoyin tsarin hada mike ko branched sarkar carboxylic.

Carbocyclic fili - wani abu da rufaffiyar carboxylic sarƙoƙi - hawan keke. Wadannan biosoedineniya kasu kashi kungiyoyin: aromatic da alicyclic.

Heterocyclic halitta gudanar da mahadi - abubuwa a cikin tsarin kwayoyin wanda da zobe kafa na carbon kwayoyin zarra da sunadaran da sauran sinadaran abubuwa (Oxygen, nitrogen, Sulfur) heteroatoms.

Mahadi na kowane layi (kungiyar) ya kasu kashi daban-daban azuzuwan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi. Organic abubuwa na zuwa wani aji ne m da kasancewar a cikin kwayoyin na wasu aikin kungiyoyin. Alal misali, azuzuwan da hydrocarbons (kadai aji na gudanar da mahadi wanda rasa aikin kungiyoyin), amines, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic acid, ketones, alcohols, da dai sauransu

Domin sanin kwayoyin fili na ga aji lambar kuma emit carbon kwarangwal ko wani carboxylic sarkar (acyclic connection), da madauki (carbocyclic fili) ko tsakiya (heterocyclic mahadi). Daga bisani ƙayyade gaban a kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta wasu atomic (aikin) kungiyoyin, msl, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy kungiyar - SH, da dai sauransu The aikin kungiyar ko kungiyoyin ayyana biosoedineniya na zuwa wani aji, da manyan jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Ya kamata a ce cewa kowane aikin kungiyar ba kawai gano wadannan kaddarorin, amma kuma rinjayar sauran kwayoyin halitta ko atomic kungiyoyin, lokaci daya da kuma gwaji su tasiri.

By musanya a cikin kwayoyin na acyclic da cyclic hydrocarbons ko heterocyclic tana gina hydrogen zarra a kan daban-daban aikin kungiyoyin shirya gudanar da mahadi wanda kasance a wani aji. Ga wasu aikin kungiyoyin cewa ƙayyade membobinsu na Organic fili zuwa wata musamman aji: hydrocarbons RH, halogenated hydrocarbons - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, alcohols da phenols R-OH, carboxylic acid - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic acid R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic mahadi - R-Ni, mercaptans R-SH.

Organic mahadi da ciwon a cikin kwayoyin tsarin da wani aikin kungiyar, kira a matsayin gudanar da mahadi da sauki ayyuka, biyu ko fiye - mahadi da gauraye ayyuka. Misalai na gudanar da mahadi da sauki ayyuka maiyuwa zama hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acid, nitro mahadi, da dai sauransu. Misalan mahadi da gauraye ayyuka maiyuwa zama hydroxy, keto, da dai sauransu

Musamman muhimmanci ne hadaddun bioorganic mahadi: sunadarai, proteid, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, kwayoyin a cikin abin da wani babban yawan daban-daban aikin kungiyoyin.