Ethers. fasalin

Ethers ne kwayoyin abubuwa, kwayoyin na wanda dauke da hydrocarbon radicals a haɗe zuwa oxygen zarra. Record ne kamar haka: R'-O-R ", inda R" da kuma R 'ne m, ko daban-daban radicals.

Ethers ana daukarsa a matsayin Kalam na alcohols. Wadannan mahadi da fili sunayen. Yana amfani da take radicals (hawa kwayoyin nauyi) da kuma, a gaskiya, da kalmar "iska" (dimethyl ether SN3OSN3, methyl ethyl ether S2N5OSN3 da sauransu).

Tsakaitã mahadi R-O-R ake samu ta hanyar intramolecular dehydration na da barasa. A daya kwayoyin, cikinsa da sadarwa na faruwa OH rata, da sauran - da C-O. A dauki za a iya gani a matsayin wani nucleophilic canzawa HO-ƙungiya (a daya kwayoyin) kungiyar RO (na wani sunadarin).

Asymmetric fili R-O-R 'kafa a cikin hulda da alkoxide da galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (sabanin su isomeric alcohols) da ƙananan narkewa da kuma tafasar maki. Tare da ruwa sadarwa kusan ba su gauraya. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ethers ba samar da hydrogen shaidu saboda babu a cikin kwayoyin na iyakacin duniya O-H shaidu.

Mahadi kasa aiki. Bã su da wani m ikon amsa fiye da alcohols.

Ethers sukan amfani da matsayin sauran ƙarfi saboda su ikon soke yawa Organic abubuwa.

A mafi muhimmanci mahadi hada heterocyclic acidic abubuwa: dioxane da epoxide (ethylene oxide).

Na farko shi ne mai kyau da sauran ƙarfi. Dioxane ne miscible tare da biyu hydrocarbons da ruwa. Saboda wadannan halaye, wannan fili kuma ake kira "kwayoyin ruwa". Dioxane ne mai guba, amma ta mafi girma da hadari wakiltar halogen dibenzoderivatives.

cellulose esters ne kayayyakin da canzawa da hydrogen zarra a cikin hydroxyl kungiyoyin na cellulose macromolecules ne alkyl ko acid moieties. A kira ne da za'ayi don goya sabon Properties na wani abu, musamman da solubility da thermoplasticity. Lokacin da sauya acid sharan kafa hadaddun, ta canzawa tare da alkyl radicals - sauki mahadi.

Da farko shirya a aiwatar da acylation kuma esterification - a lokacin da maida martani cellulose da inorganic da kuma Organic acid, su acid chlorides da anhydrides. A mafi girma m muhimmancin ksatogenatam. Wadannan mahadi an shirya ta maida martani tare da inorganic acid da kuma su yi amfani da a yi na littafin Cellophane da viscose zaruruwa. Industrial muhimmancin da cellulose nitrates. Suna amfani da a samar da lacquers, fina-finai, smokeless foda.

Daga cikin mahadi samu ta hanyar dauki tare da Organic acid, a cikin masana'antu yadu amfani cellulose acetates. Suna amfani a shiri na roba zaruruwa, robobi da kuma fim.

Akwai kuma gauraye cellulose esters. Sun dauke da dama acyl da alkyl substituents.

Properties na cellulose ethers dogara a kan yanayin da m. Darajar kuma yana da wani mataki na canzawa da Polymerization.

Simple low-sauya mahadi mai narkewa a cikin ruwa-ruwa alkaline mafita da kuma ruwa. Wannan damar su yi amfani da matsayin thickeners da cakosoban a emulsions a cikin mai, takarda, yadi, da abinci, Pharmaceutical da sauran masana'antu. Sosai sauya esters (hadaddun da sauki) ne jituwa tare da plasticizers. Suna amfani a yi robobi da kuma Paints samu.

Crown ethers ne polyesters dauke da karin oxygen a zobe kwayoyin halitta. A zahiri, suna dauke a matsayin kayayyakin ethylene oxide tsiklooligomerizatsii. A musamman dukiya daga wadannan mahadi ne da ikon samar gidaje tare da daban-daban salts Alkali karafa. Wadannan gidaje suna kafa saboda electrostatic hulda.