Heterocyclic mahadi: nomenclature da rarrabuwa

Heterocyclic fili (. Greek heteros - da sauran, na biyu) - a aji na Organic zobe mahadi a hawan keke da, ban da carbon atoms, ya ƙunshi mafi sunadaran da sauran sinadaran da abubuwa, da ake kira heteroatoms: oxygen (msl, Furan da pyran), nitrogen (pyrrole da pyridine ), sulfur (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) da dai sauransu.

A heterocycles kafa ta biyu ko fiye da carbon kwayoyin zarra da heteroatoms. A cewar Bayer ka'idar resistant heterocycles zama kawai a kuma waɗannan lokuta, a lõkacin da sabawa valencies na atoms kafa da zobba, shi ne mafi karami kwana na 109 ° 28 '. Alal misali, mafi m heterocyclic mahadi heterocycles tare da uku-lokaci, a cikin abin da akwai mafi girma kwayoyin irin wannan sabawa - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene da ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles suna yadu rarraba a yanayi. Wadannan sun hada da amino acid (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino acid (proline da hydroxyproline), a purine (adenine da kuma Bibyun) da kuma pyrimidine (taimain, uracil da saitosin) kwasfanta, ilimin muhimmanci abu na rayuwa al'amari (heme, hemin, chlorophyll), alkaloids ( maganin kafeyin da atropine), maganin rigakafi (penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin), magunguna (norsulfazol da kuma maganin kafeyin), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), Organic kaushi (pyridine), carbohydrates, nucleic acid, sunadarai, hormones, bitamin, da kuma da yawa wasu muhimmanci abubuwa.

Nau'in na sinadaran mahadi

A rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan tsarin da heterocycles a cikin kwayoyin da carbon atoms suna bonded zuwa heteroatom (hetero) da kuma hydrogen atoms. Heterocycles kuma su Kalam kasu kashi kungiyoyin dangane da yawan sunadaran ulla wannan zobe (uku-, hudu, five-, shida-membered, da dai sauransu). A kowane rukunin akwai sub-kungiyoyin da daya, biyu ko uku hetero kwayoyin halitta.

Heterocyclic mahadi a mafi yawan lokuta an kira su da tarihi nomenclature (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Daga tarihi sunayen kafa sunayen su Kalam (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid methylpyridine). Don nuna matsayin substituent atoms heterocycles lambar. Lambobin ne da za'ayi ta hetero kwayoyin halitta ko nuna a fakaice da Girkanci haruffa daga cikin haruffa, fara daga makwabciyar carbon zarra tare da wani heteroatom - alpha, beta, gamma, da dai sauransu

Getorotsiklicheskie mahadi: nomenclature

Lokacin da ambata sunayen da heterocyclic mahadi bisa ga IUPAC nomenclature kidaya yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin heterocycle, da tsarin, jeri na substituents da sauran siffofin (msl, furfural yana da din sunan Furan-2-carbaldehyde). Sunayen heterocyclic mahadi nuna a cikin bayanin matakai domin su shiri, Properties da dabi'u.

Domin heterocycles hada oxides (msl, ethylene oxide), anhydrides na dibasic cikakken carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu. Stability na baya dauke heterocycles dogara da yawan carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin heterocycle na heteroatoms da wuri a cikin heterocycle. A kalla resistant ne heterocyclic mahadi kunshi uku ko hudu hawan keke, wanda aka sauƙi karya da kuma zama acyclic mahadi. Akwai yawa heterocyclic mahadi, kwayoyin hawan keke na barga, irin wannan sake zagayowar benzenovogo core. Su ne na farko tsarin kashi na dama biosoedineny na muhimmancin da masana'antu, magani da kuma dabbobi.

Chemistry na Heterocyclic mahadi

A sunadarai Properties daga cikin biyar-membered (thiophene da kuma Kalam daga gare ta) heterocycles saboda gaban a cikin kwayoyin pi-tsarin wuce haddi electrons, wanda ƙara musu aromaticity. Idan aka kwatanta da benzene thiophene sauƙi reacts electrophilic canzawa.