Complex mahadi. Definition, rarrabuwa

Don ba fiye ko žasa daidai definition daga abin da yake a hadaddun mahadi, ta zamani, sunadarai yana dogara a kan asali guzuri na daidaituwa ka'idar, wanda aka samarwa da A. Werner a farkon 1893 A ganewar da wannan batu da yake a cikin bambancin da multiplicity na mafi bambancin sinadaran mahadi fadowa da definition na hadaddun.

A general, da hadaddun mahadi - a sinadaran abu, wani ɓangare na abin da yake a jerin hadaddun barbashi. Har yanzu, kimiyya yana da wani m definition of "hadaddun barbashi". Sau da yawa amfani da wadannan definition: wani hadadden barbashi fahimta hadaddun barbashi wanda yake iya da kansa wanzu a cikin ƙarau, kuma a cikin bayani. Yana da aka hada da sauran na farko barbashi, wanda bi da bi suna da ikon zama da kansa. Kuma sau da yawa da definition hadaddun barbashi fada hadaddun sunadarai barbashi a wanda duk ko wani ɓangare na connection ake kafa a kan bayarwa-Mai karɓar manufa.

A na kowa alama, wanda mallaka dukan hadaddun mahadi ne gaban a cikin su tsarin da tsakiyar zarra, ya karbi sunan "complexing wakili". Ganin bambancin da cewa wadannan mahadi yi magana game da wasu janar fasalulluka na wannan kashi ne ba dole ba. Sau da yawa complexing wakili ne zarra kafa karfe. Amma wannan ba wani m alama: akwai hadaddun mahadi a cikin abin da tsakiyar zarra ne zarra na oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, aidin da kuma sauran abubuwa wakiltar haske nonmetals. Da yake jawabi na cajin complexing wakili, shi za a iya ce cewa, mafi yawan shi ne tabbatacce, kuma a cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe kira karfe cibiyar, amma akwai misalai inda tsakiya zarra, kuma suna da wani mummunan cajin, kuma ko da sifili.

Haka kuma, ya zama ruwan dare kwayoyin halitta ko kungiyoyin zaba kwayoyin halitta da cewa suna located a kusa da complexing wakili, kira a matsayin ligands. Wannan na iya zama barbashi wanda kafin shigarwa a cikin hadaddun fili ne da kwayoyin da, misali, ruwa (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3), da kuma waɗansu da yawa, shi kuma iya zama anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, hydrogen, ko wani cation H +.

An ƙoƙari rarraba hadaddun mahadi bisa ga hadaddun cajin irin na raba wadannan sinadaran mahadi cikin cationic gidaje wanda aka kafa a kusa da wani lallai cajin ion tsaka tsaki kwayoyin. Anionic gidaje ma akwai, a cikin abin da complexant ne zarra tare da m hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. Simple da hadaddun anions ne ligands. A raba rukuni za a iya ware tsaka tsaki gidaje. Su samuwar faruwa da daidaituwa a tsaka tsaki kwayoyin zarra. Har ila yau a cikin wannan category na hadaddun mahadi hada da mahadi kafa ta lokaci daya daidaituwa a kusa da wani lallai cajin ions da kwayoyin da kuma barnatar da cajin ions.

Idan ka yi la'akari da yawan kujerun da aka gudanar da ake kira ligands a cikin daidaituwa Sphere, shi ne niyya monodentate, bidentantye da polydentate ligands.

Shiri na hadaddun mahadi a hanyoyi daban-daban damar rarrabuwa da yanayi na ligand. Daga cikin su rarrabe ammines, a cikin abin da ligands aka wakilta ammonia kwayoyin, Ruwa gidaje inda ligands ne ruwa, carbonyls - carbon monoxide ayyukan matsayin ligand. Bugu da ƙari acidocomplexes wanzu a wadda a tsakiyar zarra kewaye da acidic sharan. Idan ya ke kewaye da hydroxide ions, da mahadi ake magana a kai hydroxycomplexes.

Complex mahadi taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi. Ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da su da harshen damo na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Har ila yau, da yin amfani da hadaddun mahadi a mutum aiki damar hadaddun masana'antu yadda ake gudanar.

Hikimar tantance sunadarai, da hakar karafa daga ores, electroplating, samar da paints da varnishes - dai kawai wani gajeren jerin masana'antu wanda aka yi amfani da hadaddun sunadarai.