Muhimmai daga inorganic Chemistry. hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar - wannan sharadi cajin kashi zarra a cikin kwayoyin. Wannan ra'ayi ne na asali a cikin inorganic sunadarai, ba tare da fahimtar ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin aiwatar da redox halayen, iri links a cikin kwayoyin, da sinadaran da jiki Properties na abubuwa. Domin ya fahimci abin da yake mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka ne na farko dole mu fahimci abin da ya ƙunshi zarra kanta da kuma yadda behaves lokacin da hulda tare da su cikin zullumi.

Kamar yadda aka sani, da zarra kunshi protons, neutrons da electrons. A protons da electrons, wanda kuma ake kira nucleons, nau'i gaskiya ma cajin tsakiya korau electrons akwai doguwar a kusa da shi. A tabbatacce nukiliya cajin da aka adalci overall korau lura da electrons. Saboda haka, da tsaka tsaki zarra.

Kowane electron yana da wani makamashi matakin, wanda kayyade kusanci na wurinta don da zuciyar: kusanta zuwa da zuciyar - da ƙasa da makamashi. Suna shirya a yadudduka. A electrons na daya Layer da ma wannan makamashi samar da makamashi matakin nau'i ko lantarki Layer. A electrons a cikin matsanancin ƙarfi matakin ba ma karfi daure su da tsakiya, don haka za su iya shiga a cikin sinadaran halayen. Abubuwa da ciwon externally daga daya zuwa hudu electrons a sinadaran halayen, yawanci ba da sadaka electrons, da waɗanda suke da biyar zuwa bakwai electrons - dauki.

Akwai kuma sinadaran abubuwa kira inert gas, a cikin abin da matsanancin ƙarfi matakin qunshi takwas electrons - matsakaicin yiwu adadin. Sun kusan ba shiga cikin sinadaran halayen. Saboda haka, duk wani zarra nufin "kari" su m electron Layer da ake bukata takwas electrons. Ina samun da samarwar? A wasu kwayoyin halitta. A kan aiwatar da sinadaran dauki kashi tare da mafi electronegativity "Picks sama" electrons a wani kashi da ƙananan electronegativity. Electronegativity sinadari ya dogara da yawan electrons a valence matakin da ƙarfin su janye zuwa tsakiya. An rabi, karba electrons, da sauran korau cajin zama mafi girma daga m lura da tsakiya, yayin da sadaka electrons - mataimakin versa. Alal misali, a cikin wani fili daga sulfur oxide SO oxygen da ciwon high electronegativity, da sulfur daukan 2 electrons da ta samu wani mummunan cajin, yayin da sulfur zauna ba tare da biyu electrons obtains tabbatacce cajin. A wannan yanayin, da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen daidaita da mataki na sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka, dauka tare da m alama. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar da aka rubuta a saman kusurwar dama na sinadari. A wannan misali, kamar haka: S ⁺² Yã ^-2.

A bisa misali ne fairly simplistic. A gaskiya ma, cikin matsanancin electrons na daya zarra ne ba gaba daya canjawa wuri zuwa wancan, sun zama "na kowa", saboda haka, mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin abubuwa ne ko da yaushe karami fiye kaddamarda a litattafan.

Amma ya rage wuya da fahimtar da sunadarai matakai na wannan harka da aka bari.