Darwin ta bayar da gudunmawar ilmin halitta a taƙaice. Abin da taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta ya sanya Charles Darwin?

Yau, 'yan zai ƙaryatãwa game da babban taimako na Darwin a ilmin halitta. The sunan masanin kimiyya ne saba wa kowane balagagge. Mutane da yawa daga gare ku iya ce, a cikin wani dunƙule, abin da yake da taimako na Darwin a ilmin halitta. Duk da haka, ba cikakken bayani na ka'idarsa zai zama sosai 'yan. Bayan karanta labarin, za ka iya yi da shi.

Nasara na zamanin d Helenawa

Kafin ta kwatanta taimako na Darwin a ilmin halitta, bayyana a cikin 'yan kalmomi game da nasarorin da sauran masana kimiyya a kan hanya ga gano da ka'idar juyin halitta.

Anaximander, Greek Falsafa, a cikin 6th karni BC. e. Ya ce cewa mutum ya samu daga dabbobi. Kakanninsa aka zato rufe Sikeli da ya rayu a cikin ruwa. A kadan daga baya, a cikin 4th karni. BC. e., Aristotle lura da cewa, m siffofin da cewa da ka bayyana a cikin dabbobi, yanayin kiyaye, domin sanya su more mai yiwuwa a nan gaba. A takwarorinsu ba tare da ãyõyi data mutu. Sananne ne cewa Aristotle halitta a "tsani na dabba". An ayi kwayoyin domin daga mafi sauki zuwa ga mafi hadaddun. Wannan bene duwatsu fara da ƙare tare da wani mutum.

Transformism da creationism

Banasare M. Hale a 1677 buga da Kalmar "juyin halitta" (daga Latin. "Tayin"). Ya kayyade musu da hadin kai na tarihi da kuma mutum cin gaban kwayoyin. A ilmin halitta a cikin 18th karni bayyana transformism. Wannan koyarwa game da yadda za a canza daban-daban jinsunan shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Yana da aka yi tsayayya da su creationism, bisa ga abin da Allah ya halicci duniya da dukkan nau'o'in kasance canzawa. Don da magoya bayan transformism tana nufin Faransa masanin kimiyya Georges Byuffor da kuma Turanci Explorer Erazm Darvin. Da farko samarwa da ka'idar juyin halitta Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a cikin aikinsa na 1809, da makamantansu, "Hikimar ilmin dabbobi". Duk da haka, da gaskiya dalilai shi ya saukar da sunan Charles Darwin. Taimako ga ilmin halitta na wannan masanin kimiyya ne invaluable.

The abin yabo na Charles Darwin

Ya nasa ne da ka'idar juyin halitta, na rasa kimiyya. Ya kayyade shi a cikin aikinsa mai suna "The Origin of Species , ta hanyar zabin yanayi." Wannan littafi da aka buga a 1859, Darwin. Taimako ga ilmin halitta za a iya takaitashi a matsayin haka. Darwin yi imani da cewa tuki sojojin na ci gaba - kwayoyin bambancin, kazalika da gwagwarmayar zama. A alubalantar makawa sakamakon wannan bambancin zama zabin halitta ', wanda yake shi ne fifikon rayuwa da fittest mutane na wani nau'in. Ta hanyar shiga cikin haifuwa na amfani hereditary canje-canje suna tara da summed, kamar yadda muka gani by Charles Darwin.

Taimako ga ilmin halitta na lura da masana kimiyya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a cikin wannan shugabanci. A ci gaba a nan gaba na kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa ka'idar Darwin ne daidai. To, a yau da sharuddan "ka'idar juyin halitta" da "Darwiniyanci" ne sau da yawa amfani da ma'ana.

Saboda haka, mu taƙaice bayyana gudunmawar na Darwin a ilmin halitta. Mun bayar da mukalli ka'idarsa.

A lura da kai ga Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta

Da farko na fara zuwa tunani a game da dalilan da cewa tsakanin jinsunan akwai wasu kamance da kuma bambance-bambance, Charles Darwin. Taimako ga ilmin halitta, a takaice faye hali mu, ya sanya ba nan da nan. Farko shi ne, don su bincika nasarorin da suke a gabãninsu, kazalika da yin dama tafiye-tafiye. Sun sa da masanin kimiyyar to muhimmanci tunani.

Babban samu ya sanya a kudancin Amirka, a Sashen tsarin. Wannan giant skeletons edentates, sosai kama da zamani sloths da armadillos. Bugu da kari, Darwin yayi sha'awar nazarin jinsin dabbobi da zauna da Galapagos Islands. Scientist samu a wadannan volcanic tsibirin cewa su ne 'yan asalin, a hankali alaka jinsunan kananan tsuntsaye, wanda suke kama da babban yankin, amma saba da daban-daban kafofin na wadata - da Nectar daga furanni, kwari, da wuya tsaba. Charles Darwin ƙarasa da cewa wadannan tsuntsaye sun sauko zuwa tsibirin ne daga babban yankin. A canji ya faru tare da su suna bayyana da karbuwa da sabon yanayi na zama.

Charles Darwin tada fitowar cewa a kebantaccen taka rawar gani, muhalli da yanayi. Masana kimiyya sun lura da wani irin abin kwaikwaya, kuma tekun na Afirka. Rayuwa a tsibirin na Cape Verde , dabbobi, duk da wasu kamance da jinsin cewa zauna nahiyar, bayan dukkan su na da muhimmanci, fasali.

Darwin iya bayyana halittar daban da kuma halaye na rodent tuco-tuco, ya bayyana a gare su. Wadannan hakori rayuwa karkashin kasa a burrows. Suka bayyana gani Young, wanda daga baya ya zama makafi. Duk wadannan da kuma wasu abubuwa da yawa girgiza bangaskiya na masanin kimiyya a cikin halittar nau'in. Darwin ya koma Ingila, ya kafa kansa wani m aiki. Ya shirya ya shirya da tambaya akan asalin jinsunan.

Major ayyukan

Darwin ta taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta da aka gabatar a da dama daga cikin ayyukansa. A 1859, a cikin aikinsa ya jimlace empirical abu selection ayyuka da kuma ilmin halitta na zamaninsa. Bugu da kari, ya yi amfani da sakamakon da suka lura sanya a lokacin tafiyarka. Aikata da shi a kan jirgin "Beagle" tafiya a duniya zubar da haske a kan dalilai na ci gaba da jinsuna daban.

Charles Darwin ya kara da babban aiki "The Origin of Species ..." gaskiyane abu a gaba littafin, wanda aka buga a 1868. An sani a matsayin "Change na dabbobin gida da kuma horar da shuke-shuke." A wani aiki, rubuta a 1871 ( "The Descent of Man da kuma jima'i selection"), masana kimiyya sun sa a gaba da suke cewa mutum ya zo daga kama da gwaggwon biri m. Yau, mutane da yawa yarda da shawarar cewa Darwin bayyana. Taimako ga ilmin halitta ya yarda da shi ya zama babban iko a duniyar kimiyya. Mutane da yawa har ka manta da cewa asalin mutum daga gare su birai - kawai wani jarrabawa, wanda, ko da yake yana iya yiwuwa qwarai, amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da cikakken.

Property gado da kuma da rawar da juyin halitta

Ya kamata a lura da cewa dalilin ka'idar Darwin na gadar hali ne mai dukiya da cewa shi ne, da ikon kwayoyin maimaita iri metabolism da kuma sauran sirri ci gaba a cikin wani yawan al'ummomi. Tare da gadar hali canzawa tabbatar bambancin da dagewa da rai siffofin. Shi ne tushen juyin halitta daga cikin dukan kwayoyin duniya.

Gwagwarmayar zama

"A gwagwarmayar zama" - wani ra'ayi cewa wata babbar a ka'idar juyin halitta. Charles amfani da shi don koma zuwa data kasance dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin. Bugu da kari, Darwin yayi amfani da shi wajen bayyana dangantakar da take tsakanin abiotic yanayi da kuma kwayoyin. Abiotic yanayi kai ga rayuwa cikin fittest mutane, kuma ga mutuwa na kasa Fit.

Biyu siffofin canzawa

Game da canzawa, Darwin gano biyu main siffofin. A farko daga gare su - a wasu canzawa. Shi ne da ikon mutane da wani nau'in a wasu yanayin amsa da wannan hanya domin wadannan yanayi (kasa, sauyin yanayi). Na biyu tsari - wanda bai tabbata ba volatility. Ta halin ba daidai da lura canje-canje a waje yanayi. Bai tabbata ba canzawa a zamani terminology aka kira a maye gurbi.

maye gurbi

The maye gurbi, da bambanci ga farko tsari, shi ne hereditary. Kamar yadda Darwin, qananan canje-canje suna Littafi a bãyanta, lura a farko. Masana kimiyya sun jaddada cewa, a cikin juyin halitta daga cikin muhimmiyar rawa ne da mulkin canzawa bai tabbata ba. Yana mafi yawa ana hade tare da cutarwa maye gurbi ko tsaka tsaki, amma akwai iya zama wasu da suka kira alamar rahama.

The inji juyin halitta

Kamar yadda Darwin, da makawa sakamakon kwayoyin bambancin da kuma gwagwarmayar rayuwa ne rayuwa da kuma haifuwa na sabon kwayoyin da aka fi saba da rayuwa a cikin dace matsakaici. Kuma a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, akwai wani halakar m, cewa shi ne zabin yanayi. Its inji na mataki ne irin wannan a cikin yanayi ga shayarwa, cewa an folded m da kuma kadan mutum bambance-bambance, daga wanda sa'an nan ya kafa dole adaptations a kwayoyin, kazalika da bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsuna.

Duk da wannan, kazalika da sauran abubuwa da ya ce da kuma rubuta Charlz Darvin. Taimako ga ilmin halitta, a takaice ya bayyana, ba a iyakance ga abin da muke faɗa. Duk da haka, a general, an halin da manyan nasarori. Yanzu za ka iya ba da cikakken bayani game da abin da irin gudunmawar da ilmin halitta na Darwin gabatar.