Monoalcohols, su jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties

Alcohols - shi ne mai raba aji na gudanar da mahadi, wanda a cikin abun da ke ciki dauke da daya ko fiye hydroxyl kungiyar. Dangane da yawan OH kungiyoyin na wadannan oxygenates kasu kashi monohydric alcohols, trihydric, da dai sauransu Mafi sau da yawa, wadannan hadaddun abubuwa suna dauke a matsayin Kalam na hydrocarbons wanda kwayoyin sun canja tun lokacin daya ko fiye da hydrogen atoms ake musanya ga hydroxyl kungiyar.

A sauki membobin wannan aji ne monohydric alcohols, general dabara na wanda shi ne kamar haka: R-OH ko Cn + H 2n + 1OH.

Homologue jerin wadannan mahadi fara da methyl barasa ko methanol (CH3OH), biye da za ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol sa'an nan (S3N7ON) da dai sauransu.

Domin alcohols ne halin da isomerism carbon kwarangwal da aikin kungiyoyin.

Monohydric alcohols nuna irin wannan jiki Properties :

1. Alcohols dauke da har zuwa 15 carbon atoms - m 15 da kuma fiye da - daskararru.
2. Solubility a ruwa ne dogara a kan kwayoyin nauyi, da hakan shi ne, da ruwa mai narkewa barasa muni. Saboda haka, m alcohols (up propanol) ne miscible da ruwa a duk rabbai, kuma da hakan ne kusan ba narkewa a cikinta.
3. Tafasar kuma ƙara da kara atomic nauyi, msl, t mai tsanani. CH3OH = 65 ° C, kuma mai tsanani t. C2H5OH = 78 ° C.
4. A mafi girma da tafasar da zazzabi, ƙananan da volatility, Ina nufin bad stuff evaporates.

Wadannan jiki Properties na cikakken alcohols da daya hydroxyl kungiyar za a iya bayyana ta da abin da ya faru na intermolecular hydrogen bonding tsakanin mutum kwayoyin na fili ko barasa da kuma ruwa.

Monoalcohols ne iya tafiyar da irin wannan sinadaran halayen:

1. A konewa - bira haske, zafi ne: C2H5OH + 3O2 - 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2. Canzawa daga - maida martani alkanols tare da aiki karafa, da dauki kayayyakin ne m mahadi - alkoxides - degradability ruwa: 2S2N5ON + 2k - 2S2N5OK + H2.
3. Hulda da acid halide: C2H5OH + HBr - S2N5Br + H2O.
4. Esterification da kwayoyin da inorganic acid, sakamakon da ester kafa.
5. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka, a cikin abin da aldehyde ko ketone.
6. Dehydration. Wannan dauki auku a karkashin dumama ta yin amfani da mai kara kuzari. Intramolecular dehydration a ƙananan alcohols auku mulki Zaitsev, sakamakon wannan dauki da samuwar ruwan da unsaturated hydrocarbon. Lokacin da wani intermolecular dehydration dauki kayayyakin ne ethers da ruwa.

A sunadarai Properties na alcohols, shi iya ƙarasa da cewa monohydric alcohols - shi ne amphoteric mahadi saboda suka iya amsa tare da Alkali karafa, da nuna rauni acidic Properties kuma tare da wani hydrogen halide, da nuna asali Properties. All sinadaran halayen ci gaba da bond warwarewarsu O-H ko C-O.

Kamar wancan ne, iyakance monoalcohols - wani hadadden fili da daya OH kungiyar ba da ciwon free valencies bayan samuwar C-C bond da exhibiting dũkiyarsu da kuma rauni acid da kuma sansanonin sojin. Saboda ta jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, suna amfani da ko'ina a Organic kira, a yi da kaushi, man Additives, kazalika a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, magani, kayan shafawa (ethanol).