Homologue jerin

A sunadarai, akwai kungiyoyin da kwayoyin abubuwa, halin da irin wannan Properties kuma suna da ha ta janar dabara, abin da ya bayyana juna da tsarin da bambance-bambance tsakanin kowace m memba na baya kungiyar. Alal misali, a homologue jerin alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , ko wasu kungiyoyin. Wannan nomenclature ne na bayar da muhimmanci ga nazari ko yi na kiyasin. Domin kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin kungiyar, akwai na yau da kullum canje-canje a cikin sinadaran da jiki Properties, kuma dukansu suna dangantaka tare da canji a cikin kwayoyin nauyi.

Daidai da muhimmanci ne da dokoki da bayyana yadda da kaddarorin abubuwa a cikin mulki daga kungiyar zuwa wani. Don gane da abin da yake a homologue jerin, kamata la'akari da takamaiman misalai. Ga wani rukuni na mahadi suna kara halayyar zafin jiki na dab (crystallization), ruwan (sandaro) da yawa tare da kara kwayoyin nauyi da kuma yawan carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin.

Cikakken hydrocarbons ake kira paraffinic ko cikakken; su wakiltar acyclic (babu hawan keke) fili mike ko branched Tsarin, sunadaran a cikin kwayoyin na wanda aka shiga da guda shaidu. A total dabara ne CnH2n + 2, da bayyana wani homologue jerin alkanes. Kwayoyin kowace m memba ƙaruwa kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da baya daya C zarra da biyu atoms zuwa H. cikakken hydrocarbons sun hada da:

• methane.
• ethane.
• propane, da sauransu.

Ga cikakken hydrocarbons kuma sun hada da cycloparaffins. Wannan shi ne wani babban rukuni na gudanar da mahadi wanda kwayoyin ne rufaffiyar zobba. Homologue jerin su yana da dabara CnH2n, ta fara da sinadaran zuwa uku carbon atoms. Misalan cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane.
• cyclobutane.
• cyclopentane, da dai sauransu

Unsaturated ko unsaturated hydrocarbons ne ma acyclic. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwa na al'ada da kuma iso-tsarin. Homologue jerin alkenes da ciwon da janar dabara CnH2n. Wadannan mahadi an halin gaban daya biyu bond tsakanin biyu carbon atoms. Idan baya jere fara da wani hydrocarbon da carbon zarra (methane), cewa zai fara da abubuwa a cikin kwayoyin na wanda ya ƙunshi biyu carbon atoms. Misalan alkenes:

• ethene.
• propyl.
• butene, da sauransu.

Hydrocarbons a cikin kwayoyin biyu carbon atoms da alaka da sau uku bond ne mafi unsaturated, in ba haka ba gaba ka koma ga acetylene. Suna sõyayya da wani homologue jerin alkynes. An bayyana ta da dabara CnH2n-2 da suka fara da acetylene a cikin dabara da abin da yake biyu atoms C. Misalan alkynes:

• ethyne.
• propyne.
• butyn-1 da sauransu.

Unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons a cikin abin da kwayoyin yana da biyu biyu shaidu ake kira diene. Bã su da janar dabara CnH2n-2. Su homologue jerin fara da wani hydrocarbon da uku carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin. The biyu shaidu za a iya conjugated (rabu da daya guda bond) Cumulated (located a kan m kwayoyin halitta) ko ware (rabu mahara guda shaidu). Misalan dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene.
• 1,3-butadiene.
• isoprene, da dai sauransu

A musamman kungiyar da aka kafa ta sunadarai cyclic tsarin a cikin kwayoyin wanda yana da benzene zobe. Homologue jerin m aromatic hydrocarbon fara da fili da shida carbon atoms - benzene. Homologues wannan jerin suna kafa ta musanya daya ko fiye hydrogen atoms bonded zuwa benzene zobe a cikin radicals. Saboda haka, a yawan abubuwa: benzene, toluene, xylene. Idan kwayoyin yana da biyu ko fiye substituents cewa nuna gaban isomers daga cikin wadannan abubuwa. Sauran homologue jerin aromatics an kafa daga naphthalene, anthracene, da kuma sauran abubuwa.

Idan hydrocarbon kwayoyin yana da wani aikin kungiyar, irin sunadarai ma dokoki homologue jerin.

• Da dama alcohols halin da ciwon a wani kwayoyin a hydroxyl kungiyar (-OH). Domin monoalcohols daya hydrogen zarra a cikin wani acyclic hydrocarbon sauya ta mai hydroxyl kungiyar. su dabara: CnH2n + 1OH. Akwai kuma jerin daga polyols.
• Da dama phenols halin da gaban a kwayoyin da wani hydroxyl kungiyar (-OH), amma shi ya maye gurbin hydrogen a kan benzene zobe.
• Halin da yawan aldehydes da kwayoyin da sinadaran fili na carbonyl kungiyar (> C = Yã). aldehydes na janar dabara: R-CH = O.
• A yawan ketones ma bambanta da gaban carbonyl kungiyar (> C = Yã), amma idan yake da alaka da aldehydes wani m, sa'an nan biyu ketones hydrocarbon m. Ketones dabara: R1-CO-R2.
• A yawan carboxylic acid bambanta daga wasu sinadarai carboxyl kungiyar, hadawa da carbonyl da hydroxyl kungiyoyin. Formula - RCOOH.

Ga kowane jere, ko homologue jerin aldehydes, carbonic (kwayoyin) acid, alcohols ko wasu abubuwa, dũkiyõyinsu zai fi mayar dogara ne a kan irin aikin kungiyar da ta halitta bambanta a yawan tare da kara kwayoyin nauyi abubuwa. Wannan rarrabuwa ne m aji na sinadaran mahadi taimaka wajen fahimtar yanayi da kuma karatu dũkiyõyinsu.