Mene ne ethology dabbobi? Wannan nazarin kimiyya na ethology?

Mene ne ethology? Yana da wani kimiyya , wadda ke nazarin halayyar dabbobi. Domin yin nazarin wani irin wajibi ne don tsayar da su a cikin yanayi. Duk da haka, ya yi nazarin ka'idojin muhimmi da ya lura hali, wani lokacin bukatar waje baki. Ethology taimaka bayyana hadaddun hulɗar tsakanin halitta shigar wanda ke aiki m hali da yanayi.

Asalin ethology matsayin kimiyya

A farkon karni na 20th, dabba hali da aka yi karatu yafi ta wajen dakin gwaje-gwaje gwajen. Wannan empirical m ya haddasa yawa mai girma binciken, kamar dokar sakamako da kuma behaviorism. Ethology ya zama nagari horo 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya, lokacin da Turai behaviorists (ethologists) Dr. Konrad Lorenz da Niko Tinbergen ya bil'adama irin wannan girma binciken yadda imprinting, m lokaci na ci gaba, triggers da hali, ayyuka gyarawa gidaje, halayya tafiyarwa da kuma manufar kawar da hali.

Lorenz da Tinbergen, tare da wani fan da kudan zuma hali Karl von Frisch shared da Nobel Prize a 1973 domin su taimako ga nazarin dabba hali. Ko da yake wasu bayanai na theories aka baya tattauna da kuma canja, da muhimman hakkokin ka'idojin zama guda. Behaviorism da ethology - Waɗannan su ne biyu hanyoyi daban-daban don nazarin halayyar dabbobi. daya an iyakance shi yafi by awon gwaje-gwaje (biheviorizm) da kuma sauran dogara ne a kan filin nazarin (ethology dabbobi). A sakamakon bincike na biyu sciences ƙyale mu mu ba da wani bayarda hoto na cikin hali na dabbobi.

Ko da abin da ethology, tsunduma a wannan shahararren masana kimiyya na marigayi 19th da kuma farkon karni na 20th, Charles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg da sauransu. Behaviorism - wani lokaci da cewa ma ya bayyana kimiyya da haƙiƙa nazarin halayyar dabbobi, amma shi yawanci tana nufin nazari ta shirya da halayya da halayen a awon yanayi, kuma da kadan girmamawa a kan juyin adaptability. Mutane da yawa naturalists sun yi karatu al'amurran da dabba hali a ko'ina cikin tarihin 'yan adam.

kimiyya ethology

Mene ne ethology? Wannan karamin sashe na nazarin halittun da karatu da hali na dabbobi ko mutane. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, ethologists kallon dabbobi a cikin halitta mazauninsu, sun koyi hali hali da kuma yanayin da shafi wannan hali. Hankula hali - halaye ne na hali membobin wani musamman jinsunan. More hadaddun fiye da wata reflex, shi ne wani nau'i ne na m sakewa inji, kunna daga daukan hotuna zuwa wasu samuwar kasashe.

Fahimtar ethology da dabba hali na iya zama wani muhimmin kashi na horar da dabbobi. A binciken da na halitta wasu halayya a jinsuna daban ko breeds damar da kocin zabi wadanda wakilan da suka kasance mafi alhẽri dace su yi da ake bukata ayyuka. Yana kuma damar da kocin yadda ya kamata ta da na halitta hali da kuma hana a ke so.

Yawanci ethologists kokarin amsa hudu na asali tambayoyi game da siffofin hali:

1. Mene ne dalilin da tutu da wannan abin kwaikwaya na hali.
2. Mene ne sifa da aiki na dabba da hannu a cikin hali.
3. Ta yaya kuma me ya sa ya canja hali na dabba da ta ci gaba.
4. Ta yaya halayyar rinjayar da suitability da kuma karbuwa daga cikin dabba.

A ra'ayi na ethology

Ethology na dabbobi a matsayin wani ra'ayi da ya wanzu tun 1762, lokacin da aka ayyana a Faransa a matsayin nazari na dabba hali. A wannan ma'ana, yana da wannan ma'anar a matsayin kalmar Helenanci "koyaswarsa hidima", daga abin da zamani lokaci aka samu daga ethology. Duk da haka, zaman kanta da kalmar ethology hade da "xa'a" kuma da kalmar da ake amfani a Anglo-Saxon adabi kamar yadda "da kimiyya na halitta." The kafa na zamani ethology ne likita da dabbobi Konrad Lorenz. Ta hanyar din aikace-aikace na nazarin halittu hanyoyin da bincike, ya bincikar da halayyar dabbobi.

A farko zamani littafi a kan ethology, nazarin ilhami da aka rubuta a shekarar 1951 da Nicolaas Tinbergen. A lura da dama daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ethology matsayin kimiyya, ciki har da Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (1898), Altumy (1868) da kuma Craig (1918) tada kimiyya sha'awa cikin dabba hali. Wannan shi ne ethology, kazalika da batun ta nazari, za mu fara kula. Wannan kimiyya da aka dauke da wani m reshe na ilmin dabbobi a farkon 1910. A zamani ji ethology kulla tare da kimiyya nazari na dabba hali, kazalika da wasu al'amurran da mutum hali. Kalmar "dabba tunani" ne har yanzu wani lokacin amfani, amma a zalla tarihi mahallin.

Daban-daban model na dabba hali: nazari

Ethology karatu dabba hali daban-daban model, wanda aka sa'an nan classified kuma idan aka kwatanta da wasu halayya da wasu jinsunan, musamman a hankali alaka. Yana da muhimmanci cewa dabbobi kallo da ke cikin halitta, ko kusa-halitta mazauninsu. Ƙarin lura a bauta ma sau da yawa ake bukata.

Duk da yake horo ne dauke da muhimmanci sosai a cikin hali na dabbobi, daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na ethology ne nazarin m hali alamu halayyar duk mambobi na wannan nau'in. Bayan nazarin wadannan model, ka shirya don la'akari da canje-canje a halayyar sa ta horo. Wannan yana da muhimmanci domin ba kowane canji a cikin siffar ko tasiri na halayya alamu a lokacin rayuwa da mutum ya hada horo a matsayin wani nau'i na samun kwarewa.

Misalai na dabba hali

Animal hali ya hada da wani iri-iri na ayyuka. Za ka iya ba da misali: giwa watering zebra a tafki. Me ya sa ya yi ta? Wannan shi ne wasa ko wani karimcin da ƙauna? A gaskiya spraying zebra - yana da ba wani m karimcin. Elephant ne kawai kokarin nĩsanta daga Waterhole zebras. Misalai na dabba hali zai iya sa wata babbar adadin, misali, a lokacin da kare zaune a kan umurnin, ko wani cat cewa yana kokarin kama wani linzamin kwamfuta. Halayyar dabbobi hada da duk hanyoyi na hulda da juna da kuma muhalli.

Maturation na ilhami da yabanyarta

Tuni a 1760, Farfesa a Hamburg Hermann Sama'ila Reimarus wahayi zuwa duniya manufar "maturation gabbai" da kuma nuna bambancin da ke tsakanin nakasar da kuma samu basira. M damar iya yin komai, kamar search for abinci ko fahimtar da dance harshen ƙudan zuma ne ba a haihuwa. Domin daidaita nasarar, da dabba dole ne a ta zubar da bayanai game da yanayi. Wannan bayani za a iya shigar dasu a cikin chromosomes, ko adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar, wanda yake nufin shi zai iya zama nakasar ko samu. A hadaddun alamu na hali sau da yawa yakan faru hulda tsakanin biyu abubuwa.

Bincike kayyade kwasfa na hali ne wani muhimmin ɓangare ethology. Alal misali, mararraba na biyu jinsunan ducks, waxanda suke da daban-daban siffofin courtship a lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin kakar, za a iya nuna hybrids tare da mabanbanta halayyar a wannan lokaci, daban-daban daga cikin iyaye, amma ba a cikin hali na zargin magabatan wannan nau'in. Duk da haka, har yanzu shi ne ba a bayyana abin da physiological haddasawa ne alhakin wadannan bambance-bambance.

Nature a kan kula: juyin halittar dabbobi hali

Ethology, da kimiyya na dabba hali, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya mayar da hankali a kan hali a vivo da kuma nazarin halayyar matsayin juyin-Na'urar hali. Idan dabba hali ne sarrafawa da kwayoyin halitta, ba za su iya cigaba da samuwa ta hanyar zabin yanayi. Key halayyar suna lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, da kuma sauran - kwarewa na rayuwa a wani musamman yanayi. Tambayar ita ce ko hali ne yafi sarrafawa da genes ko yanayi, shi ne sau da yawa da batun muhawara. Behavioral halaye ake bayyana a matsayin halitta (genes) da kuma ilimi (yanayi).

A karnuka, misali, da hali ya nuna hali a cikin wani hanya a dangane da wasu karnuka, yiwu sarrafawa da kwayoyin halittu. Duk da haka, al'ada hali ba zai iya ci gaba a cikin wani yanayi inda babu sauran karnuka. Kwikwiyo, wanda ya girma a kadaici, iya ji tsoro daga wasu karnuka ko aiki mafadaci zuwa gare su. A yanayi ma ci gaba halayyar, kamar yadda suka a fili kara da fitness da dabbobi da cewa suna bi. Alal misali, lokacin da Wolves farautar tare a wani fakitin iya kama ganima da aka ƙwarai karu. Saboda haka, kerkẽci bayyana mafi kusantar su tsira, kuma auku a kan su genes na gaba tsara.

A Sanadin hali ya hada da dukan samuwar kasashe cewa tasiri hali, ko waje (abinci ko yara) ko ciki (hormones ko canje-canje a cikin juyayi tsarin). Dalilin da wani musamman halayya martani ne da tasiri kai tsaye a kan hali na wani dabba, misali, don jawo hankalin wani abokin tarayya a gare ma'abota. Development of hali dangantawa da mamaki ko tasirinsa a cikin abin da hali ya canjãwa, a cikin rãyuwar na dabba. Juyin Halitta na hali da ake dangantawa da asalin hali da kuma yadda za su canza tare da canji na zamaninsu.