Nomenclature hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi

A sinadaran adabi da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum amfani kwayoyin biosoedineny sunaye bisa daban-daban nomenclatural tsarin. Akwai bukatar saduwa da ka'idodi.

Nomenclature na Organic mahadi.

Yau, ga sunan wannan kwayoyin halitta sau da yawa amfani uku nomenclature: tarihi, ko maras muhimmanci (a Faransa na nufin m, wadanda ba gaske) m (smart, m) da kuma kimiyya ko na din-din-din kimiyya ci gaba IUPAC.

A maras muhimmanci nomenclature hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi ya taso kwatsam, a lokacin da bude wani musamman kwayoyin halitta. Names sau da yawa gani halitta kafofin daga wanda farko samu kwayoyin fili (ethyl barasa, urea, kara sugar, lactate, acetate, citrate, formic acid), da hanyoyin da samar da abu (ester kakin matsara), iyalai masana kimiyya suka gano fili (Lewis acid, hydrocarbon Chichibabin, Michler ta ketones). Wani lokaci wadannan sunayen sun bazuwar (methane, acetone, asparagine, carbohydrates).

M nomenclature gudanar da mahadi

Ya dogara ne a kan maras muhimmanci sunayen sauki abubuwa hali na wannan aji na gudanar da mahadi a cikin kwayoyin cikinsa daya ko fiye na hydrogen atoms an maye gurbinsu da wani zarra ko atomic kungiyoyin. Alal misali, ethane a wata m nomenclature kira metilmetanom. ethyl barasa (giya samu sauki carbinol) - metilkarbinolom. propionic acid - methyl acetate acid da dai sauransu Duk da haka, domin mafi hadaddun biostructures wannan nomenclature kwayoyin abubuwa m. Saboda haka, yana da ake bukata halittar wani sabon kimiyya nomenclature, wanda biosoedineniya sunan da tsarinta ya kamata ta dace juna.

A kimiyya nomenclature hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi kafa ta IUPAC ne mafi m na sama gabatar. A cewar ta dokoki, kowane kwayoyin abu, ko bude a baya hada da hada a cikin kwanaki, da aka sanya wa sunan kimiyya, wanda aka yi amfani da chemists a duk faɗin duniya.

Muhimmai na nomenclature soma a himma na Jamus kwayoyin sunadarai A. V. Gofmana (1818-1892) a 1892 a International Congress of chemists a Geneva (wannan nomenclature hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi kira Geneva). Tare da ci gaba da kwayoyin sunadarai da aka inganta da kuma supplemented. A Congress na IUPAC a London (1947) da aka ɓullo da kuma yarda da halin da ake ciki yanzu a matsayin "IUPAC nomenclature Dokokin" sunayen kwayoyin mahadi.

Lokacin da IUPAC (Geneva) halitta m kwamitocin, da kuma bude wani sabon hada gudanar da mahadi samar da cikakken kimiyya sunayen. A cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet ta buga uku kundin na "dokoki na IUPAC nomenclature" (1st da 2nd Vols, 1979, da uku t - .. 1983). A daidai da wadannan dokoki suna mahadi kunshi fi'ili nadi tsarin da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa daga ãyõyin mu'ujizõji, isharar sadarwa Hanyar da wani ɓaɓɓake.

Shawara hudu hanyoyi na Ilimi sunayen IUPAC: 1) da madadin - dalilin da sunan shan daya yanki, da kuma na biyu da aka dauke a matsayin mataimakin na hydrogen, misali (C6H5) 2Tar - diphenylmethane, 2) connection, bisa ga abin da sunan fili gini na mahara daidai kwayoyin, misali C6H5 -S6N5 - biphenyl. 3) aikin-m a cikin abin da dalilin da sunan sa da sunan aikin kungiyar, da kuma sunan da m, kamar CH = CHC1 - vinyl chloride, 4) wani iri-iri na sauyawa nomenclature da ake amfani a ambata sunayen da hydrogen hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi hada da kwayoyin da suka hada da nekarbonovye kwayoyin halitta.

A kullum aiki sau da yawa amfani da ka'idodinta m aikin da substitutive hanyoyin IUPAC nomenclature.