Ethyl barasa: general bayanai, hanyoyin da shiri da kuma yin amfani da

Alcohols - Kalam na hydrocarbons, a wani kwayoyin cikinsa daya ko fiye hydrogens sauya ga hydroxyl kungiyar (OH). Lower alcohols ne narkewa a duk rabbai a ruwa. Tare da alcohols acid samar esters. hydroxyl kungiyar ne hydrogen iya maye gurbinsu. Saboda haka, a karkashin mataki na sodium karfe alcoholates suna kafa. A hydrolysis aiwatar alkoxides decompose ga ruwa da sodium hydroxide.

Primary alcohols na da kyau oxidized ta samar da aldehydes. Aldehydes - Organic mahadi da cewa suna da OH kungiyoyin da ba esters. hargitse a kan m hadawan abu da iskar shaka zuwa acid tare da carboxylic m kwayoyin halitta. A lokacin dehydration na alcohols samu unsaturated hydrocarbons. A jikin aliphatic alcohols ne kullum narcotic. A ƙarfi daga cikin effects barasa dogara a kan su jiki Properties. Lokacin da aka kwatanta da mono- ko polyhydric alcohols lura da cewa mataki na karshen da aka raunana, da kuma wani lokacin har rasa, watau kara yawan hydroxyl kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin rage pharmacological mataki, misali, glycerol yana da wani appreciable miyagun ƙwayoyi mataki.

Shiri na ethyl barasa

Barasa ga likita dalilai ake samu ta hanyar fermentation na sugars. Fermentable carbohydrates da ake gittar da hatsin rai, dankalin turawa, masara, da sauran shuka kayan. A halin yanzu, da dama a san tsaka-tsaki, saukarwa na giya fermentation. A distillery shigowa abu (dankalin turawa, da kuma kamar) ana farko wanke daga duniya da laka, sa'an nan kuma ɗora Kwatancen cikin wani musamman Jiko ganga, wanda nuna tururi a karkashin matsin a biyu ko uku atmospheres. Sitaci, wanda yake a cikin dankalin turawa, haka jũya a cikin wani manna. A sakamakon taro yana daukar kwayar cutar zuwa Mash tun da makamashi da kuma can stirring an sanyaya zuwa 50 digiri. Don wannan ne kara da malt a yawa up to 10% by nauyi dankali. Malt sha'ir germination shirya. A kan aiwatar da germination na sha'ir a cikin kõwace zangarniya akwai ƙwãya ne samuwar kuma jari na enzymes, daya daga wanda ke da enzyme amylase. A enzyme hydrolyzes sitaci zuwa maltose. Sa'an nan, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar maltose enzyme invertase an canza kama zuwa wani mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici to glucose. Last rinjayi Zymase tuba zuwa ga ethanol da a saki carbon dioxide. A tsari yana dauke da cikakken lokacin juyin halitta daga carbon diokisda kare. A sakamakon ruwa da ake kira wort, wanda ya ƙunshi game da 18% barasa da kuma daban-daban tsaka-tsakin fermentation - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde acetate), mafi girma alcohols, esters, da dai sauransu Next, da Mash ne hõre barasan. Da farko, a cakuda da wani barasa abun ciki na game da 70%, sa'an nan da matakin na karshen da aka karu zuwa 96%. Ethyl barasa da aka wuce for karshe tsarkakewa ta hanyar kunna gawayi.

Tattalin arziki m shirya synthetically barasa - ethylene, wanda a karkashin mataki na acid sulphate ba sulfatnoetilovy ether decomposes karkashin mataki na ruwa da kuma ethyl barasa zuwa sulphate acid. Ya kamata a lura da cewa barasa za a iya hada daga acetylene. A saboda wannan dalili, acetylene an shige fadin ruwa-ruwa acid sulfate a gaban mai kara kuzari, shi dora ruwan wucewa cikin ethanal. A aldehyde ne distilled kashe da kuma an rage tare da hydrogen da barasa. barasa taro da aka bayyana a cikin darajõji, msl, 33 °, 40 °. Wadannan digiri nuna nawa girma barasa kunshe ne a cikin 100 raka'a girma daga cikin bayani.

Akwai da wadannan barasa maki:

- raw (92-95 °), arancinsu barrantar da fusel mai da aldehydes.

- gãfarta (95-96 °), kusan free of impurities.

- cikakkar - kusan anhydrous.

- denatured - raw barasa, to wanda ake kara pyridine halitta nitrogenous tushe. Ana amfani da masana'antu da kuma m dalilai.

Ethyl barasa - Inflammable m ruwa da ciwon tsaka tsaki dauki, da barasa wari da kuma kona dandano. Pure barasa ne mai kyau Organic sauran ƙarfi. ethanol yawa dogara a kan ta maida hankali a cikin bayani (msl, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

A amfani da ethanol

Rage-rage, ko ya kashe kwayoyin, musamman a yawa sama 60-70%. Da miyagun ƙwayoyi activates narkewa, reflexively kara habaka na ayyuka na numfashi cibiyar da kuma zuciya ga rufe da mãgãgi. Externally amfani da matsayin disinfectant, irritant, a sanyaya kuma na shakatawa da magani daga konewa (I digiri da kuma II) take nufi.