Angiosperms - saman juyin halitta daga shuka duniya

shuke-shuke da samun damar zuwa ƙasar, wanda ya faru a farkon Silurian lokaci (game da 435 miliyan. shekaru da suka wuce), tare da wani yawan ingantaccen juyin canje-canje. Tsire-tsire da aka tilasta daidaita canza yanayi na nazarin sasannin rayuwarsa. A ci gaba da sabon nama ya bayyana (epidermis, xylem, phloem, inji nama) da kuma gabobin (leafy sprout da kuma tushen). A tsawon lokaci, da m Rhyniophyta ba sun kafa harbe da aka maye fern jinsunan cewa bazu ko'ina a Duniya a Devonian (game da 400 miliyan. Years da suka wuce). A Mesozoic (235-132 miliyan. Years ago) a kan wani taurãro mamaye gymnosperms, kuma a bãyansu akwai angiosperms, wanda suna dauke da pinnacle juyin halitta Flora.

Angiosperms bunƙasa a cikin Cenozoic - da ma'aunan kasa epoch, wanda ya fara game da 66 da miliyan da suka wuce, kuma ya ci gaba har yanzu lokaci .. Ko da yake, kuna hukunta da kwafi a cikin dutse strata, sun kasance baya a Mesozoic (game da 130 miliyan. Years da suka wuce), amma sun kasance 'yan kuma m siffofin. A farkon angiosperms - Nymphaeales wakilan kungiyar, da suka hada da ruwa furannin bi-rana.

A halin yanzu, sashen ne mafi yawa. Tsakanin ekweita da sandunan da biyu babu wani mãkirci, inda akwai yanayi na shuka rayuwa, amma ba a sami angiosperms. Bugu da kari ga widest yiwu Gwargwadon bambancin, angiosperms halin da versatility na siffofin da kuma hanyoyin da girma. Dada Duckweed taqin surface na kandami, kuma, wata babbar BAOBAB itace, zaune daruruwan har ma dubban shekaru, prickly cacti da orchids, m, suna fadin da kuma Daisy giant Rafflesia da ciwon mita diamita furanni - su duka cikin wannan sashen. Quite wani babban rukuni - na cikin ruwa angiosperms inhabiting ruwa tare (mafi yawa) da kuma m (m sau da yawa) tafkunan. Wannan mahanga ba m, da bambanci, shi ne sakamakon karbuwa daga terrestrial siffofin da na cikin ruwa yanayi.

A babban alama angiosperms - kasancewar wani flower, da generative gabobin, alhakin jima'i haifuwa da kuma janyo hankalin pollinating jamiái. Saboda haka, na biyu sunan da sashen - Flowering shuke-shuke (Magnoliophita).

Sake bugun daga angiosperms ne kai tsaye da alaka da aiwatar da pollination, wanda ya shafi kwari, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, iska da ruwa. A mafi canjin yanayin duniya na asali jamiái suna pollinating kwari. A wurare masu zafi latitudes, wannan aiki da aka yi da tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ciyawa cikin fadamun, matakan da savannas, sagebrush Hamada, itace nau'in a cikin tundra da kuma tsakiyar rariya, fadama shuke-shuke suna da iska-pollinated. Yawa rarer Ruwa pollination (hydrophilic) - shi ne hali na jinsi, da furanni da cewa Bloom a karkashin ruwa (misali Zostera). A waɗannan yanayin zones inda impracticable daya daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin, kai-pollination faruwa.

A na gaba mataki na haifuwa - hadi da kuma 'ya'yan samuwar. Sashen Angiosperms shuke-shuke da halin da ake kira biyu hadi da irin. Hirtsinta cewa samun a kan stigma, "sprout", da kuma ovule maza motsawa ta cikin pollen tube jima'i Kwayoyin. Daya maniyyi ne da hannu a cikin hadi da kwai, da kuma sauran an haɗa zuwa musamman Layer na sel - tayi Layer. A sakamakon haka, a farkon yanayin, wani tayin, kuma a karo na biyu - to ta tsara ikon ajiya kyallen takarda.

Akwai wani rukuni na shuke-shuke da cewa ba ya bukatar pollination (da tsaba suna kafa ba tare da sa hannu na pollen) domin samuwar 'ya'yan itace. Wannan kungiyar hada dandelions, lady ta alkyabbar, wasu iri buttercups.

Akwai kuma shuke-shuke da cewa suna vegetatively karbe advantageously, jingine lokaci flower samuwar, pollination da kuma iri maturation. Wannan bulbous, rhizome da kuma wasu sauran wakilan da angiosperms.