Luminescence: iri, hanyoyin, da kuma aikace-aikace. Thermally kara kuzari luminescence - menene wannan?

Girmanta shine watsiwar haske ta wasu kayan cikin yanayin sanyi. Ya bambanta da radiation na jikin zafi, misali kone itace ko kwalba, baƙin ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe da waya, mai tsanani ta hanyar lantarki. An yi watsi da luminescence:

• A cikin ƙananan fitilu, kyamarori, radar da fuska na fure-fuka;
• A cikin kwayoyin halitta, kamar luminol ko luciferin a cikin wuta;
• A wasu alamomin da ake amfani dasu a tallace-tallace na waje;
• Tare da walƙiya da aurora borealis.

A cikin dukkanin waɗannan abubuwa, hasken haske ba shine sakamakon dumama abin da ke sama da yawan zafin jiki, saboda haka ana kiransa haske mai sanyi. A m tamanin da luminescent kayan ne su ikon canza ganuwa nau'i na makamashi cikin bayyane haske.

Sources da tsari

Wani abu na luminescence yana faruwa ne sakamakon sakamakon makamashi ta hanyar abu, misali, daga tushen ultraviolet ko radiation radiation, tashoshin lantarki, halayen haɗari, da dai sauransu. Wannan yana haifar da hankalin kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani wuri mai farin ciki. Tunda yake marar tushe, kayan ya dawo zuwa asalinsa na farko, kuma ana fitar da makamashi na makamashi ta hanyar haske da / ko zafi. Iyakar ƙananan lantarki ne kawai suke shiga cikin tsari. Amfanin luminescence yana dogara ne da mataki na juyawa da makamashi mai haske zuwa haske. Yawan kayan da ke da cikakken isa don amfani mai amfani ne kaɗan.

Ƙunƙasawa da kuma incandescence

Hanyoyin luminescence ba shine saboda hawan kwayoyin halitta ba. Lokacin da kayan zafi suka fara haske saboda rashin haɓaka, ƙwayoyinsu suna cikin jihohi mai farin ciki. Kodayake suna yin tsawa a dakin dakuna, wannan ya isa cewa radiation yana faruwa a yankin infrared na yanzu da bakan. Tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, yawan nauyin radiation na lantarki yana canjawa zuwa yankin da ake gani. A gefe guda kuma, a yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda aka halicce, alal misali, a cikin tubuka masu tayar da hankali, haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin halitta na iya zama da karfi cewa electrons sun rabu da su kuma su sake komawa, suna fitar da haske. A wannan yanayin, luminescence da incandescence sun zama bambance-bambance.

Fluorescent pigments da dyes

Hanyoyin alamu da launi suna da launi, tun da suna tunatar da wannan ɓangare na bakan da yake dacewa da tunawa. Ƙananan ɓangaren makamashi ya canza cikin zafi, amma babu yaduwar haskakawa. Idan, duk da haka, alamar luminescent na haskaka hasken rana a cikin wani ɓangare na bakan, zai iya fitar da sautin da suka bambanta da masu nunawa. Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon sakamakon tafiyar matakai a cikin ƙwayar dye ko pigment, saboda abin da za'a iya juya ultraviolet a cikin bayyane, alal misali, haske mai haske. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin luminescence ana amfani da su a tallar waje da wanke kayan wanka. A cikin wannan batu, "mai bayyana" ya kasance a jikin ba kawai don yin tunani da fararen fata ba, amma har ma ya canza radiation ultraviolet zuwa cikin blue, ya biya ga yellowness da kuma inganta whiteness.

Binciken farko

Ko da yake hasken walƙiya, ko da yaushe sanannen haske na arewa da kuma hasken wuta da kuma namomin kaza sun kasance sananne ga 'yan adam, binciken farko na luminescence ya fara da kayan ado, a lokacin da 1603 Vincenzo Cascariolo, wani mai shayarwa da mai kaya daga Bologna (Italiya), ya maida cakuda barium sulphate (ma'auni, Toshin murya) tare da mur. Foda da aka samu bayan sanyaya, da dare ya haifar da haske, kuma Cascariolo ya lura cewa za'a iya dawowa ta hanyar yada foda a hasken rana. An kira abu mai suna "rabbis solaris", ko kuma dutse mai suna, saboda masu fata sunyi tsammanin zai iya juya zakoki a cikin zinari, alamar ita ce rana. Bayanin bayanan ya tada sha'awar masana kimiyya da dama wadanda suka ba da kayan aiki da wasu sunayen, ciki har da "phosphorus", wanda ke nufin "mai haske".

A yau ana amfani da sunan "phosphorus" kawai don nau'ikan sinadaran, yayin da ake kira kayan microcrystalline na phosphor. Cascario "Phosphorus", a bayyane yake, shi ne sulhu na barium. Na farko samfurin phosphor (1870) shine "Paran Balmain" - wani bayani na sulci. A shekara ta 1866, an kwatanta na farko daga phosphor daga zinc sulphide - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a fasahar zamani.

Ɗaya daga cikin binciken kimiyya na farko game da luminescence, wanda aka bayyana a cikin lalata itace ko nama da wuta, an yi shi ne a cikin shekara ta 1672 daga masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi Robert Boyle, wanda, ko da yake bai sani ba game da asalin halitta na wannan hasken, duk da haka ya kafa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin halitta:

• Hasken yana sanyi;
• Ana iya shafe shi da sinadarin sinadarai irin su giya, hydrochloric acid da ammoniya;
• Radiation yana buƙatar samun dama ga iska.

A 1885-1887 aka lura cewa an samo albarkatun man da aka samu daga Wuta ta Indiya ta Yammacin Indiya da kuma daga mollusks of folad, lokacin da aka haxa, samar da haske.

Na farko kayan aiki na chemiluminescent ba su da kwayoyin halitta, kamar luminol, wanda aka gano a shekarar 1928.

Chemi- da bioluminescence

Yawancin makamashin da aka fitar a cikin halayen sunadarai, musamman haɓakaccen haɗari, yana da yanayin zafi. A wasu halayen, duk da haka, ana amfani da wani ɓangare na amfani da na'urar lantarki zuwa matakan da suka fi girma, da kuma a cikin kwayoyin halittu kafin su fara samfurori (CL). Nazarin ya nuna cewa CL wani abu ne na duniya, kodayake ƙarfin luminescence yana da ƙananan cewa yana buƙatar amfani da na'urorin masu hankali. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu mahadi da ke nuna wani haske mai haske. Mafi shahararrun wadannan shine fitilu, wanda, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da hydrogen peroxide, zai iya samar da haske mai haske ko blue-kore. Wasu karfi CL-abubuwa ne lucigenin da lofin. Duk da haske na CL, dukansu ba su da tasiri a musayar sunadarai a cikin haske, tun da kasa da kashi 1% na kwayoyin suna fitar da haske. A cikin shekarun 1960 an gano cewa oxalic acid esters oxidized a cikin kwayoyin halitta anhydrous a gaban magunguna masu yawa masu fuka-fuka suna fitar da hasken haske tare da inganci har zuwa 23%.

Bioluminescence ne na musamman irin CL catalyzed by enzymes. Hanyoyin luminescence na irin wannan halayen zasu iya isa 100%, wanda ke nufin cewa kowace kwayar da luciferin mai amsawa ta wuce zuwa cikin jihar mai haske. Dukkanin halayen halittun da aka sani a yau ana haifar da halayen hakowar haɗin hawan jini wanda ke faruwa a gaban iska.

Ƙunƙwasawa mai tsauri da zafi

Tsarin haske shine ba radal radiation, amma karuwa a cikin hasken wuta wanda kayan wutar lantarki suke jin zafi. Ana lura da haske a cikin wasu ma'adanai, kuma musamman a crystallophosphors bayan da haske ya haskaka su.

Photoluminescence

Tsarin samfuri, wanda yake faruwa a ƙarƙashin tasiri na radiation na lantarki a kan abu, ana iya aiwatarwa a cikin kewayon daga haske mai haske ta hanyar ultraviolet zuwa X-ray da radiation gamma. A cikin luminescence da lalacewa ta hanyar photons, maɗaukaki na hasken hasken shine, a matsayin mai mulkin, daidai da ko mafi girma fiye da tsayin na mai ban sha'awa (watau daidai da ko žarfin makamashi). Wannan bambanci a cikin matsayi yana da sabili da canji na makamashi mai shigowa zuwa tsinkaye na mahaifa ko ions. Wasu lokuta, tare da ɗaukar hotuna mai haske a faɗakar laser, haske mai haske zai iya samun raunin guntu.

Gaskiyar cewa Jirgin likitancin Jamus Johann Ritter ya gano shi a 1801. Ya lura cewa phosphors suna haskakawa a cikin yankin marar ganuwa a baya da violet ɓangare na bakan, saboda haka ya gano UV radiation. Sauyawa UV a cikin haske mai haske yana da muhimmancin amfani.

Gamma da x-haskoki da hankali phosphors, da kuma sauran crystalline kayan da luminescence jihar ta ionization aiwatar bi ta recombination na electrons da ions, inda luminescence faruwa. Ana amfani da shi a cikin masu amfani da nau'o'i masu amfani da kwayoyin X-ray da kuma a cikin rubutun scintillation. Sakamakon na ƙarshe kuma auna gwargwadon gamma da aka kai a kwakwal din da aka rufe tare da phosphor wanda ke cikin hulɗar gani tare da farfajiyar photomultiplier.

Tsarin tsauraran ra'ayi

Lokacin da ake yin lu'ulu'u na wasu abubuwa, misali sugar, an zalunce, yatsun wuta suna bayyane. Ana ganin wannan a cikin abubuwa da yawa da kwayoyin halitta. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan luminescence suna samuwa ne ta hanyar cajin lantarki masu kyau da kuma mummunan. Sakamakon haka ana haifar da shinge na sassa da kuma aiwatar da crystallization. Haske haske yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fitarwa - ko dai kai tsaye, tsakanin rassan kwayoyin, ko kuma ta hanyar motsa jiki na yanayi a kusa da rabuwa.

Yankin lantarki

Kamar yanayin zafi, kalmar noman lantarki (EL) ta ƙunshi nau'o'in luminescence, nau'in al'ada shi ne cewa hasken yana haskakawa ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a cikin iskar gas, taya da daskararru. A shekara ta 1752, Benjamin Franklin ya kafa hasken walƙiya, wanda ya haifar da lantarki ta hanyar yanayi. A 1860, an nuna fitilar fitarwa a karo na farko a Royal Society of London. Ya samar da haske mai haske lokacin da aka karɓa wutar lantarki ta hanyar carbon dioxide a low pressure. Gilashin fitilu na yau da kullum suna dogara ne akan haɗakar lantarki da kuma photoluminescence: sunadarai na mercury a cikin fitila suna jin dadi ta hanyar samar da lantarki, radiation ta ultraviolet da aka kwashe su ya zama haske ta gani ta hanyar phosphor.

EL lura a cikin lantarki a lokacin electrolysis ne saboda recombination ion (Saboda haka, shi ne wani irin chemiluminescence). A ƙarƙashin rinjayar filin lantarki a cikin yadudduka na sulhu na sulhu, an fitar da haske, wanda ake kira electroluminescence.

Yawancin kayan kayan aiki suna ba da haske a ƙarƙashin tasiri na lantarki - lu'u-lu'u, ruby, crystalline phosphorus da wasu salts platinum. Na farko aikin amfani da cathodoluminescence ne oscilloscope (1897). Ana amfani da fuska irin wannan ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin phospristal masu kyau a cikin talabijin, radar, oscilloscopes da microscopes na lantarki.

Radioluminescence

Wasu abubuwa masu radiyo zasu iya cire ƙananan haruffa (helium nuclei), electrons da rayukan gamma (radiation electromagnetic makamashi mai ƙarfi). Tsarin lumana na radiation yana da farin ciki da wani abu na rediyo. Yayin da aka bombad da barbashin haruffa tare da phosphorine phosphorus, ana ganin fitilar kadan a ƙarƙashin microscope. Wannan manufa ta yin amfani da Turanci likita Ernest Rutherford, ya tabbatar da cewa zarra yana da wani tsakiyar core. Filaye masu kai-tsaye, amfani da makamai masu mahimmanci da sauran kayan, suna aiki akan radar. Sun kunshi phosphor da abu mai rediyo, misali tritium ko radiyo. Tsarin haske na halitta shi ne hasken wuta na arewa: tsarin tafiyar da radiyo a kan Sun ya jefa manyan masanan lantarki da ions a cikin sararin samaniya. Lokacin da suka kusanci Duniya, tafarkin geomagnetic yana jagorantar su zuwa sandunan. Hanyoyin gas-fitarwa a cikin sassan yanayi suna haifar da hasken wutar lantarki.

Tsarin haske: ilimin lissafi na tsari

Hannar haske (bayyane, tare da iyakanta tsakanin 690 nm da 400 nm) na buƙatar wani ƙarfin motsa jiki, ka'idar Einstein ta ƙayyade mafi girmanta. Rashin wutar lantarki (E) daidai yake da akai-akai na Clock (h) ƙaruwa (ν) ko ta hanyar gudu a cikin sassauki (s) rabuwa ta hanyar tsayin (λ): E = h = hc / λ.

Saboda haka, makamashin da ake buƙata don haɗari yana daga kilo 40 (ga ja) zuwa kilo 60 (ga rawaya) da 80 kilocalories (ga violet) tawurin kwayoyin abu. Wani hanyar bayyana makamashi - a electron volts (1 maddî = 1,6 × 10 ^-12 erg) - daga 1.8 zuwa 3.1 maddî.

An tura wutar lantarki zuwa ga masu zaɓin lantarki da ke da alhakin luminescence, wanda ke tsalle daga matakan makamashi zuwa mafi girma. Wadannan jihohi sun ƙaddara ta hanyar ka'idodin ma'anonin masana'antu. Hanyoyin motsa jiki daban-daban sun danganta ne akan ko yana faruwa ne a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda daya da kwayoyin, a cikin haɗuwa da kwayoyin ko a cikin crystal. An fara su ne ta hanyar aikin ƙaddarar ƙananan, irin su electrons, ions ko photons masu tabbatacce.

Sau da yawa ƙarfin motsa jiki ya fi girma fiye da wajibi don tada wutar lantarki zuwa matakin radiation. Alal misali, ƙuƙwalwar lu'ulu'u na phosphor a cikin talabijin suna samar da na'urori masu auna nau'i na lantarki 25,000 na lantarki. Duk da haka, launi na haske mai haske ya kusan kasancewa mai zaman kanta daga makamashi na barbashi. Hakan ya shafi yanayin jin dadi na cibiyoyin crystalline.

Hasken fitilu

Matakan, wanda lamarin ya fito ne, su ne ƙananan lantarki na ƙwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin. A cikin fitilun fitilu, alal misali, ƙarfin mercury yana da damuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar makamashi 6.7 eV ko fiye, yana ɗaga ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan lantarki guda biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma. Bayan ya dawo ƙasa, bambancin makamashi yana haskakawa ta hanyar haske ta ultraviolet tare da tsayin daka na 185 nm. A mi} a mulki tsakanin tushe da kuma wani matakin samar ultraviolet radiation a 254 nm, wanda bi da bi, za a iya ta da hankali da sauran phosphor sa a bayyane haske.

Wannan radiation ne musamman m at low matsa lamba Mercury tururi (10 ^-5 yanayi) a yi amfani da iskar gas sallama fitilu na low matsa lamba. Kamar wancan ne game da 60% na electron makamashi ne tuba a cikin wani monochromatic UV haske.

A matsanancin matsaloli, ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa. Hanyoyin ba su da wani nau'i guda 254 nm, kuma an rarraba makamashi na radiation a kan layin jeri daidai da matakan lantarki daban: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 da 578 nm. Ana amfani da fitilu na sama da haske don haske, tun da 405-546 nm ya dace da haske mai haske-kore, kuma idan wani ɓangare na radiation ya canza zuwa haske tare da taimakon phosphor, sakamakon ya yi fari.

Lokacin da kwayoyin gas sun kasance masu farin ciki, halayen lumana sun nuna maɗaukaki; Ba wai kawai zaɓuɓɓukan lantarki sun tashi zuwa matakan makamashi ba, amma a lokaci guda tsinkaye da kuma motsa jiki na mahaifa a gaba ɗaya suna murna. Wannan shi ne saboda vibrational da rotational makamashi na kwayoyin ne 10 ^-2 da kuma 10 ^-4 na mika mulki kuzari, wanda ƙara zuwa ayyana wani jam'i na dan kadan daban-daban zango aka gyara na wani guda band. A cikin kwayoyin da suka fi girma, akwai nau'i masu yawa da yawa, daya ga kowane irin matsayi. Rawanin kwayoyin kwayoyin a cikin maganin shine yawan rubutun-nau'i, wanda ya haifar da haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarancin ƙwayoyi tare da kwayoyin sunadarai. A cikin kwayoyin, kamar yadda a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, zaɓin lantarki na waje na ƙwayoyin kwayoyin suna shiga cikin luminescence.

Fluorescence da phosphorescence

Wadannan sharuddan za a iya bambanta ba kawai dangane da tsawon na luminescence, amma kuma ta hanyar samar. Lokacin da wani electron ne m zuwa singlet jihar da mulki a cikinta 10 ^-8 s, daga wanda shi iya komawa zuwa ga ƙasa, da abu arfin samar da makamashi kamar yadda haske. A lokacin miƙa mulki, da juya ba ya canja. Basic da m jihohin da irin wannan multiplicity.

Electron, duk da haka, za a iya tayar da su a mafi girma makamashi matakin (da ake kira "wani m triplet jihar"), tare da mayar da magani. A jimla makanikai, da mi} a mulki daga triplet jihar da singlet haramta, sabili da haka, lokacin da rai yafi. Saboda haka, luminescence a cikin wannan yanayin ne yafi dogon lokaci: akwai phosphorescence.