Rezerford Ernest: biography, abubuwan, binciken

Rezerford Ernest (shekaru na rayuwa: 30.08.1871 - 10.19.1937) - Birtaniya likita, kafa da planetary model na zarra, wanda ya kafa nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Ya kasance memba na Royal Society of London, kuma daga shekarar 1925 zuwa 1930 - da kuma ta shugaban kasa. Wannan mutumin - ma'abũcin da Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai, wanda ya samu a 1908.

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a iyali na James Rutherford, wheelwright, kuma Marta Thompson, wani malamin. Bayan shi, da iyali da 'ya'ya mata 5 da' ya'ya maza shida.

Ilimi da kuma farko awards

Kafin 1889 da iyali koma daga New Zealand ta Kudu Island zuwa Arewa, Rezerford Ernest karatu a birnin Christchurch, Canterbury College. Riga a lokacin da muka nuna m ikon nan gaba masanin kimiyya. Bayan karshen 4th shekara, Ernest aka bayar ga mafi kyau ga aiki a filin na lissafi, da kuma lashe 1st wuri a cikin master ta Nazarin a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi.

Da sabuwar dabara ne Magnetic injimin gano illa

Zama master of arts, Rutherford bar koleji. Ya shiga cikin wani kimiyya masu zaman kansu aiki a kan magnetization na baƙin ƙarfe. Suka tsara da kuma gina wani musamman na'urar - Magnetic injimin gano illa, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin na farko a duniya na electromagnetic kalaman karba, kazalika da "shigarwa tikitin" Rutherford babban kimiyya. Ransa zarar akwai wani muhimmin canji.

Rutherford aika zuwa Ingila

A mafi hazaka matasa batutuwa na Turanci kambi daga New Zealand bayar a biennial Fellowship. Duniya nuni 1851, wanda ya ba da damar tafi Ingila don yin karatu kimiyyar. A 1895 aka yanke shawarar cewa biyu kiwi cancanci irin wannan girmamawa - likita da kuma sunadarai Rutherford Maclaurin. Duk da haka, akwai kawai wuri guda, da kuma fatan Ernest rushe. Abin farin, Maclaurin da aka tilasta ta hanyar iyali hali ta yi watsi da tafiya, da kuma Rezerford Ernest a cikin kaka na 1895 ya isa a Ingila. A nan sai ya fara aiki a Cambridge University (a Kavendishevskoy dakin gwaje-gwaje) da kuma zama na farko da doctoral dalibi Yahaya. Thomson, da darektan (hoton da ke ƙasa).

A binciken da na Becquerel haskoki

Thomson ya riga ya kasance sananne masanin kimiyya, memba na girmama duk Royal Society of London. Ability Rutherford ya kiyasta sauri da kuma gayyace shi zuwa aiki a kan binciken na ionization na gas a ƙarƙashin rinjayar X-haskoki, wanda ya za'ayi. Duk da haka, tuni a 1898, a lokacin rani, Ernest yana shan ta farko matakai a wani daban-daban fannin nazari. Ya zama sha'awar "Becquerel haskoki." Radiation daga uranium salts, gano by Becquerel, likita daga Faransa, daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin radioactivity. Faransa masanin kimiyya da Curies, aka tsunduma a cikin bincikensa. A 1898, aikin hannu da kuma Rezerford Ernest. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya gano cewa haskoki shigar da bayanan kõguna na helium nuclei, lallai cajin (alpha barbashi), kazalika da kõguna na electrons (beta barbashi).

Ara nazarin uranium haskoki

A Paris Academy of Sciences Yuli 18, 1898 ya wakilta aikin Curies, wanda ya taso da babban amfani Rutherford. A da shi, da mawallafa ya nuna cewa, ban da uranium da kuma sauran rediyoaktif akwai (wannan lokaci ne karon farko da The amfani kawai sa'an nan) abubuwa. Rutherford daga baya ya gabatar da ra'ayi na rabin-rai - daya daga cikin manyan halayyar fasali na wadannan abubuwa.

Ernest a Disamba 1897 mika nuni malanta. The masanin kimiyya samu damar kara karatu na uranium haskoki. Duk da haka, a watan Afrilu 1898, a Montreal na gida wõfintattu matsayi na farfesa Mc Gillskogo University da Ernest yanke shawarar zuwa Canada. Yana shige lokaci zuwa discipleship. Ya bayyana cewa Rutherford ya shirya don aiki da kansa.

Motsi to Canada da kuma sabon aiki

A cikin kaka na 1898 da ta dauki wannan matakin to Canada. A farko, koyar da Rutherford ya tafi ba sosai nasara: da dalibai ba su da dandano na lacca, matasa farfesa wanda ya ba tukuna koyi da cikakken ji da sauraro, cluttering fasali. A kimiyya aikin da aka ma da ciwon wasu matsaloli saboda gaskiyar cewa isowa na umurce Rutherford rediyoaktif kwayoyi jinkiri. Duk da haka, duk roughness smoothed fitar da da ewa ba, kuma Ernest fara wani lokaci na sa'a da kuma nasara. Duk da haka, shi ne wuya dace don magana game da nasarorin: duk cimma ta aiki, wanda hannu da sabon abokai da abokansu.

A samu na dokar rediyoaktif canje

Around Rutherford ya riga ya kafa wani yanayi na m babbar sha'awa da kuma bege. The aiki ne mai farin ciki da wahalarwa, shi take kaiwa zuwa mafi girma nasara. Rutherford a 1899 bude thorium emanation. Tare da Soddy, a 1902-1903 da ya riga ya zo da wani janar dokar zartar da dukan rediyoaktif canje. Wajibi ne a ce 'yan ƙarin bayanai game da wannan muhimmanci kimiyya taron.

Masana kimiyya a duniya to da tabbaci fahimci yayin da ba shi yiwuwa a sake fasalin daya sinadaran abubuwa a cikin wasu, don haka ya kamata ka rufe da mafarki na alchemists taba fita daga cikin gubar zinariya. Kuma a nan akwai wani aiki a cikin abin da aka ikirarin cewa rediyoaktif lalata da transmutation na abubuwa, ba kawai faruwa, amma ba za su iya zama ko dai rage gudu ko daina. Bugu da ƙari, cikin dokokin da wadannan canje da aka tsara. Yau, za mu fahimci cewa yana da wani makaman nukiliya cajin ƙaddara da sinadaran Properties na wani kashi da kuma matsayinsu a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Lokacin da raka'a biyu rage-rage na nukiliya cajin, wanda ya auku a alpha lalace ya "motsa" har zuwa biyu Kwayoyin a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Daya cell saukar, sai ya motsa a lantarki da beta lalata, da kuma keji up - tare da positron. Duk da obviousness wannan dokar da ta bayyana sauki, wannan samu ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci aukuwa a cikin kimiyya da farkon karni na 20th.

Aure zuwa ga Maryama Dzhordzhine Nyuton, haife yar

A lokaci guda akwai wani muhimmin taron ne a cikin sirri rai na Ernest. 5 bayan shekara alkawari zuwa ga Maryama Dzhordzhinoy Nyuton aure ta kimiyyar Ernest Rutherford, wanda biography ya riga an alama ta gagarumin nasarori. Wannan yarinya 'yar da uwargijiyar gidan baki a Christchurch, inda ya taba rayuwa. A 1901, Maris 30, an haife shi kadai ya cikin wani iyali na Rd. Wannan taron shi ne kusan ya zo daidai da haihuwa ta jiki kimiyya wani sabon babi - nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Kuma 2 shekaru daga baya, Rutherford ya zama memba na Royal Society of London.

Books Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen a kan radiography na tsare da alpha barbashi

Ernest Ya halitta 2 na littafin, wanda ya takaita sakamakon da binciken kimiyya da kuma nasarori. Farko da aka buga a karkashin lakabi "radioactivity" a shekara ta 1904. "Rediyoaktif rikirkida" ya bayyana a shekara daga baya. Marubucin wannan littafi ya fara a lokacin wani sabon binciken. Ya gane cewa shi yana zuwa daga kwayoyin halitta rediyoaktif radiation, amma ya kasance gaba daya m da wuri na ta asali. Ya kamata bincika core na'urar. Sa'an nan Ernest ya juya zuwa ga dabara na radiographic alpha gaɓũɓuwa, da wanda ya fara aikinsa a Thomson. A gwaje-gwajen diddigin yadda ya kwarara daga wadannan barbashi wuce ta wani bakin ciki da tsare ganye.

A farko model na zarra samarwa da Thomson

A farko model na zarra, idan da ya zama sananne cewa korau lura da electron aka samarwa. Duk da haka, da suka hada da ake a cikin kwayoyin halitta ne electrically tsaka tsaki a matsayin dukan. Saboda haka a cikin abun da ke ciki dole ne a yi wani abu da cewa yana da wani m cajin. Don warware wannan matsala Thomson samarwa da wadannan model: da zarra - shi ne da wani abu kamar maniyyi, lallai cajin, da radius daga wanda yake ɗaya da ɗari milyan sulusi da murabba'i na wani santimita. Ciki da shi akwai kankanin electrons da wani mummunan cajin. Sunã yin, jihãdi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Coulomb sojojin dauki matsayi a cikin cibiyar na zarra, amma idan wani abu zai sa daga balance, suka oscillate, tare da radiation. Wannan tsari ya bayyana kasancewar watsi a jere - wani al'amari wanda aka sani a lokacin. Daga gwaje-gwajen da ya bayyana cewa kimanin guda kamar yadda su girma a daskararru nisa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta. Yana da jũna a bayyane yake, saboda haka, cewa alpha-barbashi ba zai iya tashi ta hanyar da tsare kazalika da dutse ba tashi ta cikin gandun daji, a cikin abin da itatuwa ne kusan gaba da juna. Duk da haka, na farko aikata Rutherford kwarewa ya nuna cewa ba. Mafi yawa daga cikin alpha gaɓũɓuwa, kusan ba tare da karkacẽwa, Ribar tsare, da kuma kawai wasu daga cikin lura sabawa, wani lokacin muhimmanci. Wannan ya sosai sha'awar Ernest Rutherford. Ban sha'awa facts bukatar cigaba da bincike.

A planetary model na Rutherford

Kuma a sa'an nan ya bulla akasar Rutherford diraya da ikon da masanin kimiyyar fahimtar harshen yanayi. Ernest da tabbaci ƙi da tayin Thomson model na zarra. Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen da ya kai ga cewa Yesu ya miƙa, da ake kira planetary. A cewar ta, a cikin cibiyar zarra ne tsakiya, wanda ke mayar da hankali ga dukan taro na zarra, duk da mun gwada da kananan size. Kuma a kusa da tsakiya, kamar taurari orbiting rana, da electrons motsa. Su taro ne da yawa karami fiye da na alpha gaɓũɓuwa, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa na karshe kusan ba karkacewa a lokacin da tunaninsa Tilas electron girgije. Kuma kawai a lokacin da kusa da tsakiya, gaskiya ma caje, kwari wani alpha barbashi, da Coulomb tunkuxe karfi iya sharply tanƙwara yanayin na da motsi. Irin wannan shi ne ka'idar Rutherford. Hakika, shi ne mai girma samu.

Dokokin electrodynamics da planetary model

Rutherford ta kwarewa ya isa ya gamsar da masana kimiyya da dama ga wanzuwar planetary model. Duk da haka, shi ya juya fitar da cewa shi ne, ba haka saukin ganewa. Rutherford ya dabara, ya kawo su goyi bayan wannan model ya yi daidai da data samu a cikin shakka daga cikin gwaji. Duk da haka, ta raina dokokin electrodynamics!

Wadannan dokokin, wanda aka kafa da yafi by Maxwell da Faraday gardamar cewa cajin hanzari motsi haskake electromagnetic taguwar ruwa da kuma rasa saboda wannan makamashi. A Rutherford zarra electron motsa a cikin Coulomb filin na tsakiya da kuma kara, bisa ga Maxwell ka'idar, shi dole rasa duk na makamashi domin goma milyan na biyu, sa'an nan kuma fada cikin tsakiya. Duk da haka, wannan bai faru ba. Saboda haka, Rutherford dabara hana Maxwell ka'idar. Ernest na sane da wannan lokacin a 1907 shi ne lokacin da ya koma Ingila.

Motsi zuwa Manchester da Nobel Prize

Works of Ernest a Mac Gilskom University gudummawar da cewa ya zama sosai shahara. Rutherford ya fara takarar da juna don ya kira a cibiyoyin bincike, a duniya. Scientist spring na 1907 ya yanke shawarar barin Canada da kuma ya isa a Manchester, Jami'ar Victoria, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tare da H.Geygerom ya halitta a 1908 alpha barbashi counter - wani sabon na'urar, wanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayoyi cewa alpha barbashi - helium kwayoyin halitta sau biyu yake ionized. Rezerford Ernest, da bude daga abin da suke bayar da muhimmanci, a 1908 karbi Nobel Prize (a cikin sunadarai, ba kimiyyar lissafi!).

Hadin gwiwa da Niels Bohr

A halin yanzu, planetary model shagaltar tunaninsa ya ƙara. Kuma a watan Maris 1912, Rutherford ya fara yin hadin gwiwa da kuma yin abokai da Niels Bohr. A mafi girma girmansa Bora (photo shi ne nuna a kasa) shi ne cewa ya gabatar da wani tushen sabon fasali a cikin planetary model - da ra'ayin kamfani mai suna Quanta.

Ya sa a gaba da "postulates" cewa da jũna da farko duba kai-da sabanin. A cewar shi, a zarra akwai falaki. An electron motsi ta hanyar su, ba haskaka, ya saba wa dokokin da electrodynamics, ko da yake da shi ya kara. Wannan masanin kimiyyar da mulkin abin da za a iya amfani da su sami wadannan falakinsu. Ya samu cewa haske haskoki bayyana ne kawai a lokacin miƙa mulki daga wani electron daga madawwama biyu zuwa falaki. Atomic model Rutherford-Bohr warware matsaloli da yawa, kazalika da nasara a duniya da sabon tunani. Its samu ya kai ga wani m bita ra'ayoyi game da al'amarin, game da motsi.

Bugu da ari, m aiki

A shekara ta 1919, Rutherford ya zama farfesa a Cambridge University, da kuma Director of Kavendishevskoy dakin gwaje-gwaje. Jama'a da dama na masana kimiyya da gaskiya da sun dauke shi a matsayin malaminsa, ciki har da daga baya bayar da kyautar Nobel. Wannan shi ne Yahaya. Chadwick, H. Moseley, M. Oliphant, George. Cockcroft, Hahn, W. Heitler, YB Chariton, PL Kapitsa, G. Gamow da sauransu. A kwarara daga karrama da kuma kayan ado ya zama mafi m. A shekara ta 1914 Rutherford ya karbi nobility. Shugaban kasar na Birtaniya Association, ya zama a shekarar 1923, kuma daga shekarar 1925 zuwa 1930 ya kasance shugaban kasar na Royal Society. Baron Ernest samu a shekarar 1931 kuma ya zama wani ubangijina. Duk da haka, duk da hakan kaya, da kuma ba kawai kimiyya, ya ci gaba da kai hari a kan asiri na zarra da tsakiya.

Mun bayar da ku da wani ban sha'awa al'amari alaka da Rutherford kimiyya ayyukan. An sani cewa Ernest Rutherford amfani da wadannan sharudda a lõkacin da zabar wani ma'aikatan: ya ba da mutumin da ya zo da shi a karon farko, a aiki, kuma idan wani sabon ma'aikaci sa'an nan mamakin abin da ya yi gaba, ya aka nan da nan kora.

Masana kimiyya sun riga ya fara gwaji, wanda ya ƙare a gano su ta wucin gadi tsagawa atomic nuclei da kuma wucin gadi transmutation da sunadarai abubuwa. A 1920, Rutherford annabta da wanzuwar deuteron da neutron, kuma a shekara ta 1933 ya zama Mafarin kuma takara a gwaji don tabbatar da wani kyakkyawar dangantakar a nukiliya matakai na samar da makamashi da kuma taro. A 1932, a watan Afrilu, ya goyan bayan da ra'ayin amfani da proton accelerators a cikin binciken na nukiliya halayen.

Rutherford ta mutuwa

Banbanci kan kimiyya da fasaha a kan rayuwar miliyoyin mutane sun yi ayyukan Ernest Rutherford da kuma aikin dalibinsa na zuwa ƙarni da dama. Babban masanin kimiyya, ba shakka, ba zai iya taimaka amma tunani a kan ko wannan tasiri ne tabbatacce. Duk da haka, ya kasance da wani fata, ya yi ĩmãni a kimiyya da kuma mutane. Ernest Rutherford, a takaice biography wanda ya sifanta mana, ya rasu a 1937, a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba. Aka binne shi a Westminster Abbey.