Historical iri stratification: tebur. Historical iri na zamantakewa stratification

A sociological bincike ka'idar zamantakewa stratification ba guda Hadakar form. Sune tushen ta bambancin Concepts game da zamantakewa rashin daidaito, aji ka'idar, jama'a talakawa da kuma tsoma bakin, kamar yadda karin, kuma ba da alaka da juna. Babban sharudda ga kayyade iri tarihi stratification, so dukiya dangantakar hakkoki da abubuwan da nauyi, rahoton Lines, da dai sauransu.

Basic Concepts na stratification theories

Stratification ne "hulda hierarchically shirya kungiyoyin na mutane" (Radaev VV Shkaratan OI, "Social stratification"). By bambance sharudda dangane da tarihi da stratification irin hada da:

• jiki da kuma kwayoyin.
• bawa,
• caste.
• kadarori.
• etacratic.
• zamantakewa da masu sana'a;
• aji.
• al'adu da kuma m.
• al'adu da kuma normative.

A wannan yanayin, da littattafai na bambantawa da nasu hanya zuwa haskaka da bambance-bambance zai ƙayyade iri duk tarihi stratification. Bauta, misali, a matsayin tarihi irin matsayin babban rarrabẽwa zai zama ware hakkokin dan kasa da kuma dukiya, kazalika da hanyar ƙarfin niyya - da dama daga bautar da soja kama-karya.

A mafi za a iya takaitashi a matsayin haka: Historical iri stratification: Table 1.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa tarihi iri stratification - bauta, castes, kadarori da kuma azuzuwan - ba ko da yaushe suna da hujjõji iyakoki tsakanin su. Alal misali, manufar caste zai fi dacewa a yi amfani da India tsarin na stratification. Brahmins category ba mu sadu a wani zaman jama'a tsarin. Brahmins (su ne ma firistoci) aka sanya musamman hakkoki da abubuwan da gata cewa ba wani karin a wani category na 'yan kasa. An yi imani da cewa, firist, ya yi magana da sunan Allah. A cewar Indian hadisin, da Hindu da aka halitta daga bakin Ubangiji Brahma. Daga hannunsa aka sanya warriors, shugaban wanda aka dauke sarki. Wannan mutumin mallakar wani musamman caste daga haihuwa da kuma ya ba zai iya canza shi.

A daya hannun, manoma za su iya aiki duka biyu kamar yadda mai raba caste, da kuma yadda wani aji. Duk da haka, ba su iya ma za a kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin - da sauki da kuma m (m).

A ra'ayi na zaman jama'a sarari

Known m sociologist Pitirim Sorokin (1989-1968 gg.), Binciko tarihi iri stratification (bauta, castes, azuzuwan), kamar yadda a key ra'ayi Highlights da "zaman sarari". Ba kamar jiki, zamantakewa sarari located dab da juna abokai za a iya lokaci guda positioned a kan mabanbanta matakan. Conversely, idan tarihi irin stratification ne wasu kungiyoyin na batutuwa, shi ne ba dole ba ne cewa su aka located geographically kusa da juna (P. Sorokin, "Human Wayewa Society ..").

Social sarari a Sorokin ta ra'ayi ne da dabaru, ciki har da wani al'adu, addini, masu sana'a da sauran vectors. Wannan sarari ne mafi baje fiye da rikitarwa jama'a da aka wakilta kasaftawa tarihi iri stratification (bauta, kuma caste t. D.). Sorokin ma ya bi da a tsaye da kuma a kwance matakan na ƙungiyar zamantakewa sarari. Takamaiman matakin ya hada da siyasa da ƙungiyoyi, masu sana'a da ayyukan, kungiyoyin addini , da dai sauransu Tsaye -. Bambantawa na mutane cikin sharuddan matsayi matsayi a cikin kungiyar (shugaban, mataimakin, ƙarƙashin, parishioners, masu kada kuri'a, da dai sauransu ...).

Matsayin wani nau'i na zamantakewa stratification Sorokin Highlights kamar siyasa, tattalin arziki, masu sana'a. Tu kowane daga cikinsu akwai wani ƙarin site stratification tsarin. Bi da bi, da Faransa sociologist Emil Dyurkgeym (1858-1917 gg.) Dauke da tsarin na rabuwa da abokai a cikin masu sana'a kungiyar cikin sharuddan da ƙayyadaddu aikinsu. Kamar yadda na musamman alama ce ta wannan rabuwa abubuwa kafa tsakanin biyu ko fiye da mutane Solidarity. A lokaci guda ya sanya wa ta halaye na kirki (Durkheim, E., "division na aiki aiki").

Historical iri na zamantakewa stratification da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki

Bi da bi, da American tattalin arziki Frenk Nayt (1885-1972 gg.), La'akari da zamantakewa stratification a cikin tattalin arziki da tsarin tsakanin wani core aiki na tattalin arziki da kungiyar allocates tabbatarwa / kyautata na ginin zamantakewa, kasashen duniya su zamanto (F. Knight, "Tattalin kungiyar" ).

A cikin dangantaka ta musamman da tattalin arziki Sphere da zamantakewa stratification for batun rubuta cewa Amurka-Kanad tattalin arziki Hungarian Karl Polanyi (1886-1964): "Man ba aiki domin tabbatar da nasu bukatun cikin ikon mallakar abu dukiya, shi ya nẽmi tabbatar da cewa su zamantakewa matsayi, su zaman jama'a hakkoki da abubuwan da amfanin. Ri guda abubuwa ya mai daraja ne kawai musamman ma yadda suka bauta wa da wannan manufa "(Polanyi, K.," da Company da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki ").

Class ka'idar zamantakewa kimiyya

Duk wani dangantaka halaye a ilimin halayyar zaman sanya bambance-daban na tarihi stratification. Classes, misali, ya kamata a rabu da ra'ayi na zamantakewa azuzuwan. A karkashin zamantakewa sashen dutsen nufin zamantakewa bambantawa a cikin hierarchically shirya al'umma (Radayev VV Shkaratan OI, "Social Stratification"). Bi da bi, zamantakewa aji ne a rukuni na free siyasa da kuma doka dangantakar al'ummominsu.

Mafi shahara misali na aji ka'idar aka yarda da manufar Karla Marksa, tushen wanda - rukunan na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin. Canza tsarin take kaiwa zuwa fitowan da sabon azuzuwan, sabon tsarin na hulda tsakanin da m sojojin da kuma samar da dangantakar. A yammacin sociological makaranta, akwai wani yawan theories cewa ayyana aji kamar yadda wani Multi-girma category, wanda a bi take kaiwa zuwa da hatsarin erasing line tsakanin ma'anonin "aji" da "strata" (Zhvitiashvili A., "A fassarar da manufar" aji "a cikin zamani Western ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ").

Daga matsayin sauran iri tarihi fuskanci sociological stratification nufin kuma da mafi rabuwa (Elite), tsakiya da kuma ƙananan azuzuwan. Har ila yau, zai yiwu bambancin da wannan rabo.

A ra'ayi na Elite aji

A ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, da manufar Elite ana riskarsa wajen shubuha. Alal misali, a cikin ka'idar stratification Randall Collins (1941), wani rukuni na jama'a da aka ware fitar a matsayin Elite, iko don haka mutane da yawa, tare da kadan to kowa zaton (Collins R. "Stratification ta cikin Prism ka'idar rikici"). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), bi da bi, ya raba al'umma a cikin Elite (mafi sashen dutsen) da kuma neelitu. Elite aji kuma kunshi biyu kungiyoyin: hukuncin Elite da nepravyaschaya.

Don saman aji wakilan Collins classifies shugabannin gwamnatoci, shugabannin sojojin, m yan kasuwa, da sauransu. D. Asalin halaye na wadannan Categories aka ƙaddara, na farko, da tsawon lokacin da aji a ikon: "Don jin da shiri ya biyaya zama ma'anar rayuwa, da kuma rashin biyayya da aka gani a cikin wannan yanayi a matsayin wani abu sawwaƙe" (Collins, R., "The stratification ta cikin Prism ka'idar rikici"). A nasa ne da aji kayyade mataki na ikon cewa yana da mutum a matsayin wakilin. A wannan yanayin, da ikon iya zama ba kawai siyasa, amma kuma tattalin arziki, addini da kuma akida hali. Bi da bi, da tsari data za a iya nasaba.

Bayani dalla-dalla na tsakiyar aji

Wannan category ne yarda da abin da ake kira da'irar artists. Bayani dalla-dalla na tsakiyar aji ne cewa cikin wakilan a lokaci guda zauna a rinjaye matsayi a kan wasu batutuwa da zama ƙarƙashin wasu. A tsakiyar aji ma na da ciki stratification: babba tsakiyar aji (. Nunawa, tafiyad kawai tare da wasu artists, kazalika da manyan, ƙa'ida m kasuwa da kwararru da suke dogara da dangantaka mai kyau tare da abokan ciniki, abokan, kaya, da dai sauransu) da kuma ƙananan tsakiyar aji ( ma'aikata, manajoji - wadanda suke a cikin ƙananan iyakar a cikin tsarin mulki dangantakar).

AN Sevastyanov characterizes tsakiyar aji kamar yadda anti-neman sauyi. Kamar yadda mai bincike, wannan al'amari ne ya bayyana ta da cewa da tsakiyar aji-yana da wani abu don rasa - kamar yadda adawa da juyin juya halin Musulunci aji. Gaskiyar cewa tsakiyar aji o ƙarin saya, za a iya samu ba tare da wani juyin juya halin. A wannan batun, da wakilan wannan category ne sha'aninsu dabam to al'amurran da suka shafi na sake gina al'umma.

Category aiki aji

Historical iri na zamantakewa stratification da aji matsayi a raba category rarrabe aiki aji (magangara mafi ƙasƙanci aji a matsayi na al'umma). Its wakilan ba kunshe a cikin kungiya sadarwa tsarin. Sun shine su gabatar da wani kai tsaye da kuma dogara a matsayin ciyar da su a wasu mutunci a ji da kuma kimantawa na zaman jama'a tsarin.

Domin ƙananan aji halin da abinda ya shafi irin hali ga kansu da kuma nasu bukatun, da rashin barga zamantakewa dangantaka da lambobi. Wannan category hada wucin gadi kwodago, m m matalauta da t. D.

The m tsarin kula da stratification ka'idar

A Rasha zamantakewa kimiyya kamar yadda akwai bambancin ra'ayoyi a kan tarihi iri stratification. Kadarori da su bambantawa a cikin al'umma - shi ne kafuwar zaman jama'a da kuma falsafa da tunani a pre-neman sauyi Rasha, wanda daga baya ya sa jayayya a cikin tarayyar Soviet har zuwa 60-ies na XX karni.

Tun farkon da Khrushchev narke, wannan tambaya da zamantakewa stratification ne batun m akida iko da jiha. Dalili na ginin zamantakewa na al'umma shi ne aiki ajin da kuma manoma, a matsayin mai raba category ne a Layer na masana. Har abada a cikin jama'a sani yana goyan bayan da ra'ayin "rapprochement na azuzuwan" da kuma samuwar "social homogeneity". Duk da yake jigo na burokrasi da nomenclature a jihar mur. A farkon aiki da bincike, da abu na wanda suka tarihi iri stratification, an sanya a gyara lokaci da ci gaban talla. A gabatarwar da kasuwar sake fasalin a cikin rayuwar tattalin arzikin jihar sami tsanani matsaloli a cikin ginin zamantakewa na Rasha al'umma.

Halaye na yasar da alƙaryu

Har ila yau, wani wuri na musamman a sociological theories na stratification daukan an yasar da su. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na zamantakewa kimiyya karkashin wannan ra'ayi ne fiye gane a matsayin "tsaka-tsaki wani matsayi tsakanin zamantakewa tsarin raka'a, ko mafi ƙasƙanci matsayi a cikin zaman jama'a matsayi" (Galsanamzhilova ON, "A cikin tambaya tsarin marginalization a Rasha jama'a").

Wannan ra'ayi ne m rarrabe iri biyu: m-peripherality, marginality-miƙa mulki. Last halin da matsakaiciyar matsayi na batu a lokacin miƙa mulki daga wanda zamantakewa da kuma matsayi matsayi zuwa wani. Wannan irin na iya zama wani sakamako na zamantakewa motsi na magana, kazalika da sakamakon da canji na zamantakewa tsarin a cikin wani jama'a da m canje-canje a cikin hanyar rai na magana, aiki da sauransu. Social sadarwar da aka ba hallaka. A halayyar alama na irin wannan da aka ayyana ta da incompleteness na mika mulki tsari (a wasu lokuta, batun da wuya a daidaita da sabon zamantakewa tsarin al'umma - akwai wani irin "daskare").

Ãyõyin gefe marginality ne rashin wani haƙiƙa mahaluži na zuwa wata} al'umma, da lalata ta da zamantakewa a tsakaninsu. A daban-daban sociological theories na yawan irin iya kawo sunaye kamar "bare," "dan damfara," "jẽfaffe." (Wasu mawallafa - da "lumpen abubuwa"), da dai sauransu A cikin tsarin na zamani stratification ka'idar, ya kamata mu ambaci da matsayi inconsistencies - savanin, mismatch takamaiman zamantakewa matsayi halaye (kudin shiga matakin, sana'a, ilimi, da sauransu. d.). Duk da wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani rashin daidaituwa daga cikin stratification tsarin.

A ka'idar stratification da Hadakar m

A zamani ka'idar stratification tsarin na wata al'umma shi ne a Jihar canji, ya sa duka biyu da canje-canje a cikin ƙayyadaddu na pre-data kasance zamantakewa Categories da samuwar sabuwar azuzuwan (musamman saboda bunkasar tattalin arzikin garambawul).

A sociological ka'idar, wanda ya wadãtu da tarihi iri na zamantakewa stratification, gagarumin karfin juyi ba rage zuwa guda rinjaye zamantakewa category (as a cikin hali na aji ka'idar a cikin tsarin na akidar Karl Marx ka'idar), kuma mai fadi-jere bincike na duk yiwu Tsarin. A musamman wuri kamata a bai wa wani Hadakar m, to la'akari daban category na zamantakewa stratification cikin sharuddan da dangantaka. A wannan yanayin, da tambaya da matsayi na wadannan Categories da kuma yanayi na da tasiri a kan juna a matsayin wani ɓangare na jimlar zamantakewa tsarin. A bayani na wannan matsalar ya shafi nazarin daban-daban theories na stratification a cikin kamanta bincike, wanda kwantanta da key maki na kowane daga cikin theories.