Mene ne kinematics? Sashen makanikai da karatu ilmin lissafin bayanin irin motsi na idealized gawarwakin

Mene ne kinematics? Tare da definition a karon farko za a fara ka san ko makarantar sakandare dalibai a kimiyyar lissafi azuzuwan. Makanikai (kinematics ne daya daga cikin sassan) da kanta ne babban ɓangare na wannan kimiyya. Yawancin lokaci, ya koyar da dalibai na farko a cikin litattafan. Kamar yadda muka ce, Kinematics ne a karamin sashe na makanikai. Amma tun muna magana ne game da shi, to, bari mu yi magana game da wannan a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Makanikai a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimiyyar lissafi

The kalmar "m" yana Greek asalin kuma a zahiri fassara a matsayin art na ginin inji. A kimiyyar lissafi, an dauke su zama sashe cewa nazarin da motsi na da ake kira lamba kayan jikinsu a daban-daban-sarari (watau, da motsi na iya faruwa a cikin wannan jirgin sama, a cikin al'ada Grid ko a uku-girma sarari). A binciken da na hulda tsakanin barbashi - daya daga cikin ayyuka yi da makanikai (kinematics - banda ga wannan mulkin, tun da shi ne tsunduma a cikin tallan kayan kawa da kuma bincike na madadin yanayi ba tare da shan la'akari da tasiri na ikon saituna). Tare da wannan duka ya kamata a lura da cewa dacewa sashe na kimiyyar lissafi yakan haifar da motsi na canji a jikin matsayi a sarari a kan lokaci. Wannan definition ya shafi ba kawai abu da maki kuma jikuna a general, amma kuma zuwa ga sassa.

A ra'ayi na kinematics

Sunan wannan reshe na kimiyyar lissafi kuma yana da wata Greek asalin kuma a zahiri tana nufin "motsa." Saboda haka, muna samun asali, da gaske ba a kafa wani amsar wannan tambaya na abin da kinematics. A wannan yanayin, muna iya cewa sashen nazarin ilmin lissafi hanyoyi don bayyana daban-daban iri iri na motsi kai tsaye idealized jikinsu. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira cikakkar daskararru, game da manufa ruwaye, da kuma, ba shakka, a kan abu maki. Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa lokacin da ake ji bayyana Sanadin motsi ake yi watsi. Abin da ya ce, ba za a dauke sigogi kamar jiki nauyi ko karfi cewa musababin da hali ya motsi.

Muhimmai daga kinematics

Sun hada da Concepts kamar lokaci da kuma sarari. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin sauki misalai hada da halin da ake ciki inda, ce, da kayan motsa tare da karkara na wani radius. A wannan yanayin, sifa ne m kinematics wanzuwar irin wannan yawa a matsayin centripetal hanzari cewa an directed tare da vector daga jiki zuwa tsakiyar daga cikin da'irar. Wannan shi ne, cikin hanzari vector a wani daga cikin lokaci da maki daya ne a matsayin radius daga cikin da'irar. Amma har a cikin wannan harka (idan centripetal hanzari) kinematics ba zai nuna abin da yanayi ne da karfi da cewa ya haddasa ta fitowan. Wannan shi ne aikin da yayi nazarin masu kuzarin kawo cikas.

Mene ne kinematics?

Saboda haka, amsar abin da yake cikin kinematics, mu, a gaskiya, an ba. Yana da wani reshe na makanikai da karatu hanyoyin da za a bayyana kudirin na idealized abubuwa ba tare da karatu da ikon sigogi. Yanzu bari mu magana game da abin da zai iya zama kinematics. A karo na farko da irin - wani classic. An dauke su cikakkar na sarari da kuma na boko halaye na wani irin motsi. A cikin rawar da farko segments bayyana tsawon, kamar yadda na karshe - lokaci. A wasu kalmomin, zamu iya cewa da wadannan sigogi ne mai zaman kanta da zabi na reference tsarin.

relativistic

Nau'i na biyu ne relativistic kinematics. A da shi tsakanin biyu daidai events na boko da na sarari halaye iya canza, idan wani mulki daga firam zuwa wani. A simultaneity na biyu events a asalin wannan yanayin ma daukan kawai zumunta. A wannan irin kinematics na biyu raba Concepts (da muke magana game da sararin samaniya da kuma lokacin) ana garwaya a cikin daya. A shi darajar, wanda mafi yawa ana kira a matsayin tazara zama maras canjawa karkashin Lorentz canje.

Tarihi na kinematics

Mun gudanar a magance da ra'ayi da kuma ba da amsa ga wannan tambaya na abin da kinematics. Amma abin da ya labarin ta asalin matsayin karamin sashe na makanikai? Shi ke nan game da shi a yanzu kuma ya kamata magana. Quite lokaci mai tsawo duka fassararmu daga wannan karamin sashe bisa ga ayyukan da aka rubuta ta hanyar Aristotle. Su zama daidai assertions cewa gudu na jiki a cikin fall a kai tsaye gwargwado ga lamba index of nauyin jiki. Haka kuma an ambata cewa, dalilin da motsi ne kawai ƙarfinsa, amma a cikin rashi game da duk wani motsi da kuma magana ba zai iya zama.

Galileo ta gwaje-gwajen

Aristotle ayyukan a cikin marigayi karni na sha shida, ya zama interested a cikin shahararrun masanin kimiyya Galileo Galilei. Ya fara nazarin aiwatar da free fadowa jiki. Ambaci iya sanya game da irin abubuwan da, da ya kashe a Hasumiyar Pisa. Har ila yau, masana kimiyya suna nazarin aiwatar da inertia jikinsu. A karshen, Galileo ya iya tabbatar da cewa Aristotle ya ba daidai ba a cikin aikinsa, kuma ya sanya da dama erroneous karshe. The m littafin Galileo kayyade sakamakon wannan aiki tare da shaida a kan karshe na Aristotle.

Modern kinematics ne ya yi ĩmãni a yau, ya aka haife shi a Janairu 1700. Sa'an nan, kafin Faransa Academy of Sciences ya Per Varinon. Ya kuma jagoranci na farko Concepts na hanzari da kuma gudun da rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayanin su a wani bambanci form. A kadan daga baya soma wasu cinematic gabatar da dauki bayanin kula daga cikin amp. A cikin karni na sha takwas da aka yi amfani a cikin kinematics na da ake kira ilimin lissafi na bambancin. Musamman dangantakar kafa ko da daga baya, ya nuna cewa sarari, kamar lokacin, ba cikakkar. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ya nuna cewa, cikin kudi na iya zama tushen iyaka. Wadannan su ne tushe na kinematics tura zuwa cin a cikin tsarin da kuma sharuddan da ake kira relativistic makanikai.

Ma'anar da yawa amfani da sashe

Muhimmai daga kinematics hada da dama canji da ake amfani da su ne kawai a msar tambayar sharuddan, amma kuma suna da wani wuri a cikin m dabarbari amfani ga tallan kayan kawa da kuma warware wani takamaiman kewayon aikace-aikace. Ididdigewa ne ga wadannan dabi'u da kuma matsalolin a more daki-daki. Bari mu fara da karshen.

1) Mechanical motsi. Yana bayyana a matsayin canji daga wani idealized sarari matsayin dangi da sauran jiki (taro da maki) a lokacin Ramin canje-canje. Lokacin da shi a jiki, wanda aka ambata ne tsakanin wani daidai karfi da hulda.

2) reference tsarin. Kinematics, da definition wanda muka ba a baya, dangane da yin amfani da daidaita tsarin. Samun ta bambancin ne mai zama dole yanayin (na biyu da ake bukata kafun ne da yin amfani da na'urorin ko yana nufin ga aunawa lokaci). A general, wani tunani tsarin ake bukata ga nasara bayanin wani irin zirga-zirga.

3) kula. Kamar yadda al'ada hasashen exponent, inseparably nasaba da baya ra'ayi (reference firam), da tsarawa ne ba wanin hanyar da wanda da niyya matsayi na jiki a cikin wani idealized sarari. A wannan yanayin, don bayyana na iya zama amfani da lambobi da kuma haruffa na musamman. Tsarawa sau da yawa amfani da scouts da Gunners.

4) A radius-vector. Wannan shi ne wani jiki yawa, wanda a yi da ake amfani da su ayyana idealized jiki matsayi da ido zuwa ta asali matsayi (kuma ba kawai). Kawai sa, yana daukan wani batu, kuma shi ne tsayayyen ga taron gunduma. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne asalin. Saboda haka, sa'an nan, bari mu ce, idealized jiki daga wannan lokaci ya fara motsa a kan wani free sabani yanayin. A wani ba lokaci ba za mu iya gama da wuri na jiki da asalin da kuma samu kai tsaye zai wakilci kome fiye da radius vector.

5) Sashin kinematics yana amfani da manufar yanayin. Yana da wani na kowa m line, wanda aka halitta a lokacin idealized jiki motsi a sabani daban-daban-free motsi a cikin sarari. Yanayin, bi da bi, na iya zama rectilinear, madauwari kuma polygonal.

6) jiki kinematics inextricably nasaba da irin wannan jiki yawa kamar gudun. A gaskiya, shi ne a vector yawa (yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa manufar wani scalar yawa shi ne zartar kawai a na kwarai yanayi), wanda zai ba da amsa gudun canji a matsayin wani idealized jiki. Vector shi an dauke su saboda gaskiyar cewa gudun motsi ma'anar shugabanci na abin da ke faruwa. Domin amfani da kalmar da ya kamata a yi amfani da tunani tsarin, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya.

7) A kinematics, da definition wanda ya ce shi ba ya magance Sanadin motsi, idan akai la'akari da hanzari da kuma a wasu yanayi. Yana kuma shi ne vector yawa, wanda ya nuna da idealized vector gudu na jiki kamar yadda za a baje canza tare da madadin (a layi daya), lokacin naúra tana canza. Sanin a lokaci guda, a cikin abin da shugabanci directed biyu vectors - gudu da hanzari - shi za a iya ce game da abin da hali ne jiki motsi. Yana iya zama ko dai gaba ɗaya kara (wannan vector), ko ravnozamedlennym (raznonapravleny vector).

8) A kusurwa gudu. Wani vector yawa. A ka'ida, da definition ne guda a matsayin guda, wadda muka ba wa baya. A gaskiya, da bambancin ta'allaka ne kawai a gaskiya cewa a baya tattauna lokuta faruwa lokacin da tuki a kan hanya madaidaiciya. A nan muna da wani madauwari motsi. Wannan na iya zama wani m da'ira, kuma an ellipse. A irin wannan ra'ayi ne da aka ba ga kusurwa hanzari.

Physics. Kinematics. dabara

Don shirya m matsaloli alaka kinematics na idealized jikinsu, akwai jerin wani iri-iri na dabarbari. Su ba ka damar sanin nesa tafiya, instantaneous, na farko guntun gudun, a lokacin da jiki ya wuce wani musamman nesa, kuma yafi. A raba hali na (masu zaman kansu) da ake kera halin da ake ciki tare da free fall jiki. Su hanzari (nuna ta harafi a) aka maye gurbinsu da gravitational hanzari (harafin g, numerically daidai 9.8 m / s ^ 2).

Saboda haka, abin da muka koya? Physics - kinematics (dabarbari da aka samu daga juna) - wannan sashe da aka amfani da su bayyana motsi na idealized gawarwakin ban da karfi sigogi da zama Sanadin a daidai motsi. Mai karatu zai iya samun ko da yaushe matsahi na saba da wannan topic a more daki-daki. Physics (taken "kinematics") yana da muhimmanci sosai, saboda shi ya ba shi wani tushen fahimtar da makanikai na yadda duniya sashe na dacewa kimiyya.