Oxygen - a ... Formula oxygen. An oxygen kwayoyin

Daga cikin dukan abubuwa a duniya bautar wani wuri na musamman da samar da rayuwa - oxygen gas. Shi ne ya gaban sa mu duniya musamman a tsakanin dukan sauran mutane, musamman. Saboda wannan al'amari a duniya na zaune haka da yawa ban mamaki halittun: shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da mutane. Oxygen - shi ne cikakken irreplaceable, musamman da kuma musamman muhimmanci dangane. Saboda haka, za mu yi kokarin gano abin da ya wakiltar abin yana da halaye.

Chemical kashi oxygen: halayyar

Don faye hali da wuri daga farkon wata ba kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Yana yiwuwa a yi 'yan maki.

1. Lambar siriyal - 8.
2. Atomic taro - 15,99903.
3. Located a kan shida babban kungiyar na subgroup na biyu tsarin lokaci.
4. Nukiliya cajin - 8, da yawan protons - 8, da electron - 8, neutrons - 8. Saboda haka, a biyu sihiri lamba, inda babban juriya lura isotopic siffofin ¹⁶ O.
5. The Latin sunan kashi - oxygen. Rasha - oxygen, da wannan sunan zo daga "haihuwa zuwa acid." Akwai kuma wani dangantawa, wani lokacin kira oxygenic.

Musamman da hankali ne ba bincike na da lantarki tsarin da zarra, kamar yadda aka bayyana musu da zaman lafiyar na kwayoyin da kuma nuna jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

kwayoyin tsarin

A lantarki sanyi na zarra wakilta da dabara ² 1s 2s ² 2p ^4. Daga wannan rikodin Tabbatacce ne, cewa kafin kammala da makamashi matakin da wa'adi da halittar bane oxygen ya bace biyu electrons. Wannan ya bayyana ta wadannan halaye:

• diatomic oxygen kwayoyin.
• hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar -2 kashi ko da yaushe (sai peroxide da sunadarin flourine oxide, a cikin abin da aka canza zuwa +2 da -1, bi da bi).
• Yana da wani karfi oxidizing wakili.
• saukin reacts ko da a karkashin al'ada yanayi.
• iya kafa wani m fili.

Yanzu la'akari da tambaya daga cikin tsarin. Kamar yadda oxygen kwayoyin kafa? Da fari dai, inji samuwar wani covalent ba iyakacin duniya, Ina nufin saboda sharing na electrons ga kowane zarra. Saboda haka, sadarwa ne ma wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya covalent. Duk da haka, ta ninka, domin kowane zarra yana da biyu unpaired electrons a cikin matsanancin matakin. Abu ne mai sauqi su nuna da look oxygen. Da dabara ne: Yã ₂ ko Yã = O.

Saboda gaban irin wannan dangantaka sosai barga kwayoyin. Domin da yawa halayen da ta sa hannu na bukatar yanayi na musamman: hawan jini, da dumama, da yin amfani da catalysts.

Kamar yadda oxygen sinadari - zarra da ciwon uku barga halitta abin da ke faruwa isotope. Su taro lambobi bi da bi ne 16, 17, 18. Duk da haka, da yawan ne sosai m, kamar yadda ¹⁶ Ya 99,759%, da kuma sauran kasa da 0.5%. Saboda haka, ya fi na kowa, kuma barga isotope - cewa na taro lambar 16.

Simple abu Oxygen

Idan muka magana game da wannan kashi a matsayin mai sauki dangane, shi ne nan da nan dole designate da tara jihar a karkashin al'ada yanayi. Oxygen - a gas wanda ba shi da wani dandano, babu launi, babu wari. A diatomic kwayoyin wanda shi ne mafi m abu a duniya, bayan hydrogen da daraja gas helium.

Akwai sauran jihohin tari na abu. Saboda haka, a wani mummunan zazzabi ⁰ -183 C oxygen ne takaice a wani kyakkyawan blue ruwa. Idan dokin an wuce a -200 ⁰ C, sa'an nan da ruwa za su yi girma a cikin haske blue lu'ulu'u sun allura-dimbin yawa monoclinic.

A total akwai uku main iri oxygen zama a cikin m jihar.

1. A alpha form (α-O _2). Akwai a zazzabi kasa 200 ⁰ C.
2. Beta-nau'i (β-O _2). A zazzabi kewayon ⁰ -200-400 C.
3. Gamma-nau'i (γ-O _2). A tazara daga -400 zuwa -500 ⁰ C.

Oxygen - shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci gas. Ba wai kawai ga rayuwar halittu masu rai a duniyar tamu, amma kuma domin yanayi a general. Wuya a halitta ma'adinai ko wani fili, wanda ya yi ba a hada a matsayin wani kashi.

Tarihi na samu

A farko ambaci cewa abun da ke ciki na iska akwai wani gas da cewa tana goyon bayan konewa tafiyar matakai, ya bayyana a Sabunta karni. Amma sa'an nan ku karantã ta, don tabbatar da wanzuwar kuma gano shi ba a zahiri zai yiwu. Ba sai kusan Millennium, a cikin XVIII karni shi aka yi ta hanyar da aiki, da dama, masana kimiyya.

1. 1771 Carl Scheele bautãwa empirically kafa abun da ke ciki na iska da kuma gano cewa, biyu main gas - shi ne oxygen, da kuma nitrogen.
2. Per Bayen gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin bazuwar na Mercury da Mercury oxide da kuma a hukumance rubũta da sakamakon.
3. 1773 Scheele hukumance yana buɗewa da kashi oxygen, amma ba ya samu shi a cikin purest siffan.
4. 1774 Allah Priestley ba tare da la'akari Scheele yin wannan, kamar yadda aka bude, kuma yana karɓa da tsarki oxygen bazuwar na Mercury oxide.
5. 1775 Antuan Lavuaze bada sunan wannan kashi da kuma sa ka'idar konewa da cewa dade fiye da shekara ɗari daya.
6. 1898 Thompson sa jama'a tunani game da gaskiyar cewa Iskar Oxygen da zai iya haifar saboda manyan watsi da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi.
7. A wannan shekara Timiryazev ya tabbatar da akasin, kamar yadda ya bayyana cewa oxygen maroki ne kore shuke-shuke na duniya.

Saboda haka, da ya zama sananne cewa wani ne oxygen, wanda shi ne wani muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci ga rayuwar wannan gas. Bayan duk aka karatu jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties daga cikin abubuwa dauke da hanyoyin nunarsa, kidaya m abun ciki na ruwa, ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi da kuma yanayi da kuma sauran sassa na duniya.

jiki Properties

Ga su ne ainihin jiki sigogi, wanda za a iya halin da fili a tambaya.

1. Oxygen - gas a karkashin al'ada yanayi, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga iska (21%). Yana yana da wani launi, dandano da wari. M fiye da iska, shi ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa.
2. Rayayye sha carbon da karfe powders, narkewa a cikin kwayoyin abubuwa.
3. Tafasar batu ne -183 ⁰ C.
4. Narkewa -218.35 ⁰ C.
5. The yawa da aka 0,0014 g / cm ^3.
6. A crystal raga daga cikin kwayoyin.

Oxygen yana paramagnetic Properties a cikin ruwa a jihar.

sinadaran Properties

Game da yadda za a bayar da rahoto ne mai aiki da iskar gas, da yadda behaves a halayen da wasu abubuwa, ya ba da cikakken kwatanci da sunadarai. Oxygen iya nuna mahara hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi, ko da yake ya fi kowa ne -2, wanda aka dauke m. Bugu da kari to shi akwai mahadi a wanda da wadannan dabi'u:

• -1.
• -0,5.
• -1/3.
• 0.5.
• +1.
• 2.

Reactivity saboda da high electron dangantaka, tun da electronegativity darajar 3,44 polling shi. Kawai a mafi girma fluoride (4). Saboda haka, oxygen ne mai matukar karfi oxidant. A lokaci guda a cikin halayen da ya fi karfi oxidants behaves a matsayin rage wakili, da nuna wani tabbatacce hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. Alal misali, a sunadarin flourine oxide Yã ⁺² F ₂ ^-.

Akwai babbar dama mahadi da suka hada da oxygen. Waɗannan su ne azuzuwan abubuwa, kamar:

• oxides.
• peroxides.
• ozonides.
• superoxide.
• acid.
• filaye.
• gishiri.
• kwayoyin kwayoyin.

Tare da dukan abubuwa oxygen iya amsa karkashin al'ada yanayi, fãce ga mai daraja karafa, helium, Neon da argon da halogen. Tun inert gas ba amsa a karkashin wani yanayi.

Shiri Industry

A oxygen abun ciki a cikin iska da kuma ruwa ne don haka manyan (21 kuma 88%, bi da bi), babban masana'antu hanyar da ta kira ne fractional barasan na ruwa iska da kuma ruwan electrolysis.

Musamman sau da yawa amfani da farko hanya. Bayan duk, mai yawa gas za a iya cirewa daga cikin iska. Duk da haka, shi ne ba gaba ɗaya bayyana. Idan bukata samfurin ne na mafi girma quality, sa'an nan ya bi da bi a yarda electrolysis tafiyar matakai. A albarkatun kasa domin wannan shi ne ko dai ruwa ko Alkali. sodium ko potassium hydroxide ake amfani da su kara karfin lantarki watsin da mafita. A general, jigon da aiwatar an rage wa bazuwar na ruwa.

Samun zuwa Lab

yadada daga cikin zafi magani Hanyar awon hanyoyin:

• peroxides.
• oxygen-dauke acid salts.

A high yanayin zafi da suka decompose tare da ci gaba na gaseous oxygen. Catalyzed aiwatar sau da yawa manganese oxide (IV). Tattara oxygen ruwa hijirar da kuma nuna - smoldering tsage. Kamar yadda aka sani, a sosai mai haske harshen flares a wani oxygen yanayi.

Wani abu amfani da su samar da oxygen a makaranta darussa sunadarai - hydrogen peroxide. 3% ko da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kara kuzari bayani nan take decomposes da saki tsantsa gas. Ya kawai bukatar da lokacin da ya tattara. A kara kuzari ne guda - manganese oxide, MnO _2.

Daga cikin salts ana fi amfani da:

• bertoletova gishiri ko potassium chlorate.
• potassium permanganate ko potassium permanganate.

Don bayyana tsari, za mu iya rage lissafi. Oxygen da aka saki isa ga dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma bincike bukatun:

2KClO ₃ = 2KCl + 3O ₂ ↑.

oxygen allotropic gyara

Akwai wani allotropic gyara wanda yana da oxygen. Da dabara na wannan fili ne game da _3, shi ne ake kira lemar sararin samaniya. Wannan gas, wanda aka samar a cikin yanayi lokacin da fallasa su ultraviolet da walƙiya iska oxygen. Ba kamar mafi yawan Yã _2, lemar sararin samaniya yana da dadi wari da kada ɗanɗanonta ya gushe wanda aka ji a cikin iska bayan da ruwan sama da walƙiya, kuma aradu.

Ba kamar oxygen da kuma lemar sararin samaniya ne ba kawai da yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, amma a cikin crystal raga tsarin. Chemically, lemar sararin samaniya - ko da more iko oxidant.

Oxygen - wani bangaren na iska

Rarraba oxygenation a cikin yanayi sosai. Oxygen da aka samu a cikin:

• kankara da kuma ma'adanai.
• gishiri da kuma sabo ne ruwa.
• ƙasa.
• kayan lambu da dabbobi kwayoyin.
• iska, ciki har da na sama da yanayi.

Babu shakka cewa su ne m duk Duniya ta harsashi - da lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi da kuma biosphere. Musamman muhimmanci ne abun ciki a cikin abun da ke ciki na iska. Bayan duk wannan factor sa ya yiwu don zama a duniya tamu rayuwa siffofin, ciki har da mutane.

A abun da ke ciki na iska da muke shaka, shi ne musamman iri-irin. Yana hada a matsayin m aka gyara da kuma canji. By da akai da kuma taba ba damuwa:

• carbon dioxide.
• oxygen.
• nitrogen.
• daraja gas.

A canji iya hada ruwa tururi da kuma wãtsarwa extraneous gas (shaye, konewa kayayyakin, Rotting, da dai sauransu), shuka pollen, kwayoyin, fungi da sauran.

Darajar Oxygen a cikin yanayi

Yana da muhimmanci sosai nawa oxygen ne a cikin yanayi. An sani cewa wasu daga cikin tauraron dan adam daga cikin manyan taurari (Jupiter, Rubin) alama yawa na wannan gas da aka gano, amma a fili yake babu wani rai a can. Our Duniya na da isasshen adadin, wanda, a lokacin da a hade tare da ruwa ya sa ya yiwu ya kasance a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Bugu da kari, shi ne wani aiki memba na numfashi, oxygen har yanzu ciyarwa m hadawan abu da iskar shaka halayen da haifar da saki da makamashi domin rayuwa.

Babban kaya na wannan musamman gas a cikin yanayi ne kore shuke-shuke da wasu kwayoyin. Godiya a gare su, kiyaye akai ma'auni na oxygen da kuma carbon dioxide. Bugu da kari, lemar sararin samaniya gina up wani m garkuwa bisa dukan Duniya, wanda ba ya ba da damar shiga a manyan yawan hallakaswa UV radiation.

Kawai wasu iri anaerobic kwayoyin (kwayoyin, fungi) ne iya rayuwa a waje da oxygen yanayi. Duk da haka, suna da yawa kasa da waɗanda suka bukata shi.

A amfani da oxygen, da lemar sararin samaniya a cikin masana'antu

Babban filin na amfani da oxygen allotropic gyare-gyare ga wadannan masana'antu.

1. Metallurgy (ga waldi da kuma yankan karafa).
2. Medicine.
3. Aikin noma.
4. Kamar yadda propellant.
5. Kira na da yawa sinadaran mahadi, ciki har da bama-bamai.
6. Cleaning da kuma disinfection na ruwa.

Yana da wuya a sunan akalla daya aiwatar da cewa ba ya shiga wannan babban gas musamman abu - oxygen.