Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen

Masana kimiyya ba nan da nan zo a daidai fahimtar da atomic tsarin. A farko model na zarra samarwa Turanci likita George. George. Thomson gano electron. Amma ya model zo a cikin rikici tare da gwaje-gwajen da na Ernest Rutherford ya yi nazarin rarraba da microparticles tabbatacce cajin. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen Rutherford taka muhimmiyar rawa a fahimtar da gudanar da zarra.

Yana da aka riga a san cewa electron taro ne sau dubbai karami fiye da taro na barbashi kanta. Rutherford ya yi zato cewa saboda dukan zarra ne tsaka tsaki, da girma da nauyi ya kamata fada a kan wani lallai cajin yanki. Don tabbatar da wannan jarrabawa, Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen da aka iyakance ga wadannan.

Ya samarwa ta amfani da alpha barbashi zarra bincike. A electron taro ne game 8000 sau kasa da cewa na α-barbashi, kuma su gudu ne quite manyan - ya kai gare shi ashirin kilomita dubu da na biyu. Wadannan sun gwajen Rutherford watsi da alpha-barbashi.

Kwayoyin halitta nauyi abubuwa bombarded da wadannan barbashi. Saboda da kananan taro na electrons to canza yanayin α-barbashi iya ba yawa. Yana iya kawai yi ɓangare na zarra, da gaskiya da caji. Saboda haka, yanayin da watsi da alpha barbashi iya koya rarraba taro a cikin microparticles tabbatacce cajin da al'amarin.

Gwaje-gwaje da Rutherford ya da wadannan makirci. Duk wani rediyoaktif abu da aka sanya a cikin wani Silinda gubar. Wannan Silinda aka fadi na sukar longitudinally kunkuntar hanya. Ciyar α-barbashi daga wannan tashar faru a kan bakin ciki tsare na diddigin abu (tagulla, da na zinariya da dai sauransu). Sa'an nan alpha barbashi fadowa a kan wani translucent allo wanda aka rufe da tutiya sulphide. Kowane barbashi, colliding da allo, bada haske a (scintillation), ana iya gani ta (microscope).

Rutherford cigaba da gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa wani karamin yawan alpha barbashi (game da daya daga dubu biyu) ya karkata zuwa wani kwana mafi girma daga 90 °. Wannan hujja ƙwarai ruxani Rutherford. Ya ce cewa shi ne a matsayin m matsayin dako kora a wani yanki na nama takarda da zai dawo zuwa gare ku, kuma sukan. Lalle ne, a hango ko hasashen wani sakamako dangane da Thomson model ba zai yiwu ba, kuma Rutherford da shawarar cewa α-barbashi za a iya tura mayar kawai a lokacin da girma na zarra ne a wani sosai karamin girma na sarari. Tun Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen taimake shi ya zo a wata model na tsakiya. Wannan jiki ne kananan, wanda aka mayar da hankali kusan duk tabbatacce cajin, kuma dukan taro na micro-barbashi.

Atomic model haka kai tsaye daga gwaje-gwajen da cewa ciyar Rutherford. Rutherford atomic tsarin da wadannan ra'ayi. Gaskiya ma cajin tsakiya ne a cikin cibiyar. Tun tsaka tsaki zarra, yawan electrons daidai da jerin lamba a cikin Mendeleev lokaci-lokaci kashi tsarin. Su matsawa a cikin da'irar a kan zuciyar, kamar yadda taurari akwai doguwar a kusa da Sun falakinsu. The motsi na electrons saboda Coulomb sojojin. A hydrogen zarra yana daya kawai electron orbiting ta tsakiya. Its atomic tsakiya daukawa mai kyau cajin da wani taro na game da 1836 sau da taro na electron.

Irin wannan model na zarra an gwaji nazari, amma dangane da wannan model ba zai iya bayyana da kwanciyar hankali ba ta zama.

Electrons motsi a cikin wani sarari suKe, ya kamata bisa ga dokokin na gargajiya makanikai kusa da zuciyar saboda makamashi hasarori da kuma, a karshen, mai fãɗuwa ne a gare shi. A gaskiya ma, cikin electron ba ya fada a cikin tsakiya. A microparticles da sinadaran abubuwa ne sosai a barga, kuma zai iya zama na dogon lokaci. A ƙarshe daga cikin game halakar zarra saboda asarar makamashi, wanda ba daidai da Rutherford, shi ne sakamakon da aikace-aikace na dokoki na gargajiya makanikai zuwa microscale mamaki. Saboda haka, da mamaki na microworld zartar da dokoki na gargajiya kimiyyar lissafi.