Jiki na zahiri - menene wannan? Jiki na zahiri: misalai, Properties

A yau labarin da muka yayata cewa wannan jiki na zahiri. Ba tare da wani shakka, wannan lokaci ne ba sau da yawa ya gana da ka ga shekaru makaranta. Tare da Concepts of "jiki na zahiri", "abu", "sabon abu" mu farko haɗu da a cikin halitta tarihi darussa. Su ne batu na mafi yawan sassan na musamman kimiyya - kimiyyar lissafi.

By definition, da kalmar "jiki jiki" tana nufin wani takamaiman abu abu da ciwon siffar da wani furta m iyaka, wanda ya raba da shi daga muhalli da kuma sauran jikinsa. Bugu da kari, jiki na zahiri muhimmi halaye kamar nauyi da kuma girma. Wadannan sigogi ne na asali. Amma akwai wasu, baicin su. Muna magana ne game da fayyace gaskiya, yawa, elasticity, taurin da sauransu. N.

Jiki na zahiri: misalai

Kawai sa, kowane daga cikin abubuwan dake kewaye, za mu iya kiran jiki na zahiri. A mafi saba misalai na su - da littafin, tebur, mota, ball, kofin. Simple jiki kimiyyar lissafi ya kira shi, wanda na lissafi siffar ne mai sauki. Hadedde jiki jikin - mãsu zama a cikin nau'i na haduwa da alaka da juna sauki jikinsu. Alal misali, shi ne conventionally mutum adadi za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai sa na cylinders da duniyoyin.

The abu na wanda kunshi ko dai jikuna ake magana wakili. Duk da haka, da suka iya ƙunsar a cikin abun da ke ciki kamar yadda guda, da kuma da dama daga abubuwa. Ga wasu misalai. Jiki na zahiri - cutlery (cokula masu yatsotsi, spoons). Suna sanya mafi yawa daga karfe. Knife jiki na iya zama wani misali cewa kunshi biyu daban-daban na abubuwa - da karfe ruwa da katako, makama. Kuma wani hadadden samfurin kamar wayar salula, sanya daga wani yawa ya fi girma yawan "sinadaran".

Menene abubuwa

Suna iya zama halitta ko halitta artificially. A zamanin da, mutane duka dole abubuwa sanya na halitta kayan (arrowheads - daga duwatsu, dumi tufafi - daga dabba konkoma karãtunsa fãtun). Tare da ci gaban ci gaban fasaha na abu da aka halitta da mutum. Kuma yanzu da waɗanda - da rinjaye. A classic misali na jiki wucin gadi jiki na iya zama roba. Kowane na irin halitta da mutum don ya tabbatar da zama dole halaye na wani abu. Alal misali, m roba - Eyeglass ruwan tabarau, wadanda ba mai guba abinci - for ware, m - ga mota damina.

Duk wani abu (daga dutse gatari to high-tech na'urorin) yana da yawan takamaiman halaye. Daya daga cikin kaddarorin da jiki jikin - shi ne su ikon da za a janyo hankalin juna a sakamakon gravitational hulda. An auna yin amfani da zahirin yawa kira taro. By definition, da kimiyyar lissafi, da taro na jikin - wani gwargwado na su nauyi. An denoted da alama m.

taro ji

Wannan jiki yawa, kamar wani, za a iya auna. Don gano abin da yake da nauyi na wani abu, kana bukatar ka kwatanta shi da misali. Wannan shi ne jikin na wa taro da aka zaci su zama hadin kai. International System of Units (SI) shi aka dauke su a kilo. Irin wannan "manufa" nauyi naúrar ta wanzu a cikin wani nau'i na Silinda, wakiltar wani gami da iridium da platinum. Wannan kasa da kasa samfurin da aka adana a Faransa, da kuma kofe na shi ne samuwa a kusan kowace kasa.

Bugu da kari ga yin amfani da manufar kilo ton, gram ko milligram. Auna da yin la'akari da taro na jiki. Wannan shi ne wani classic hanya ga yau da kullum lissafin. Amma a zamani kimiyyar lissafi, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ji, da yawa fiye da na zamani da kuma high-daidaici. Tare da su taimako ƙayyade da taro na microparticles, kuma giant abubuwa.

Other Properties na jiki gawarwakin

A siffar, nauyi da kuma girma - daga cikin muhimman halaye. Amma akwai sauran kaddarorin jiki jikinsu, wanda kowannensu yana da muhimmanci a wani halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, an daidaita girma na abubuwa iya bambanta ƙwarai a cikin nauyi, Ina nufin da daban-daban yawa. A yawa yanayi, muhimmanci halaye kamar brittleness, taurin, elasticity kuma Magnetic halaye. Kada mu manta da thermal watsin, nuna gaskiya, uniformity, lantarki watsin da sauran jiki Properties na da yawa gawarwaki da kuma abubuwa.

A mafi yawan lokuta, wadannan halaye dogara ne a kan wadanda abubuwa ko kayan daga abin da articles aka sanya. Alal misali, roba, gilashin da karfe bukukuwa za su yi wani mabanbanta sa na jiki halaye. Wannan shi ne muhimmancin a yanayi hulɗar tsakanin gawarwakin, misali nazarin mataki na nakasawa a lokacin pitting.

Game da soma approximations

Wasu sassan na kimiyyar lissafi jiki na zahiri ne a matsayin wani abstraction da ciwon manufa halaye. Alal misali, a cikin makanikai na jiki suna wakilta a matsayin taro da maki ba tare da taro da kuma sauran kaddarorin. Wannan sashe kulla tare da motsi na kimiyyar lissafi irin matukar maki, kuma domin warware matsalolin da suke kama a cikin manufa dabi'u ne m.

A kimiyya lissafin sau da yawa amfani da manufar wani m jiki. Wadanda conventionally dauke su ba batun wani nakasawa, da rashin taro hijirar na cibiyar jiki. Wannan Saukake model damar rubuce wasa da dama musamman matakai.

Thermodynamics Sashen ga nasu dalilai yana amfani da manufar a blackbody. Kuma abin da yake wannan? Jiki na zahiri (wani m abu) iya mamaye wani radiation fadowa a kan bãyan tẽkun. A wannan yanayin, idan aiki na bukatar shi, ba za su iya emit electromagnetic taguwar ruwa. Idan da sharuddan da msar tambayar lissafin nau'i na jiki jikinsu ba m, tsoho ne cewa shi ne mai siffar zobe.

Me ne cewa muhimmanci Properties na jikuna

Physics da kanta, kamar yadda irin wannan, akwai bukatar fahimta dokokin da wanda yin girman jiki na zahiri, kazalika da sunadaran ga wanzuwar wani iri-iri waje events. Halitta dalilai sun hada da wani canje-canje a cikin yanayi, ba alaka ayyukan mutane. Mutane da yawa daga cikin wadannan mutane amfani da su amfani, amma wasu na iya zama haɗari, kuma ko da catastrophic.

Nazarin da hali da kuma kaddarorin da dama jiki gawarwakin wajibi ne ga mutane domin hasashen da m dalilai da kuma hana ko rage cutar da lalacewa ta hanyar su. Alal misali, da gina breakwaters mutane suna amfani da su yãƙi korau manifestations na marine kashi. Tsayayya da raurawar asa mutãne ya koya wajen samar da musamman girgizar kasa-resistant ginin Tsarin. Qazanta sassa na mota suna sanya na musamman, a hankali calibrated form domin rage lalacewa a hali na hatsarori.

A tsarin da gawarwakin

A cewar wani definition, da kalmar "jiki na zahiri" na nufin duk wani abu da za a iya gani a matsayin gaske data kasance. Wani daga cikinsu zai dauki wani ɓangare na sarari, da kuma abubuwa daga wanda an yi su ne, suna da tarin kwayoyin na wani tsarin. Other, karami barbashi shi - kwayoyin halitta, amma kowanne daga cikinsu shi ne wani abu quite sauki da kuma basa. A tsarin zarra quite wuya. A da tsarin za a iya gano gaskiya ma da barnatar da cajin na farko barbashi - ions.

Structure bisa ga abin da irin barbashi an shirya a wani tsarin for daskararru ne ake kira crystal. Kowane crystal yana da wani tsananin tsayayyen tsari, wanda ke nufin da ma'ana a motsi da kuma hulda da ta kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da canza crystal tsarin akwai wani take hakkin da jiki Properties na jiki. A mataki na motsi na elemental yayan dogara ga ta jiki jihar, wanda zai iya zama m, ruwa ko gaseous.

Don faye hali hadaddun mamaki na data matsawa da aka yi amfani da manufar girma elasticity ko coefficient, wanda suna da tarayyar kishiya dabi'u.

The motsi na kwayoyin

A jihar sauran ko kwayoyin zarra ko kwayoyin na m jikinsu ba muhimmi. Su ne a akai motsi, da yanayi na wanda ya dogara a kan thermal jihar na jiki, da kuma tasirin da cewa shi ne a halin yanzu fallasa. Part na farko barbashi - barnatar da cajin ions (magana electrons) motsi a wata mafi girma gudun fiye da tare da wani m cajin.

Daga cikin ra'ayi na jihar tari, jiki na zahiri - yana da wuya abubuwa, da taya ko gas, dangane da yanayin kwayoyin motsi. A totality of daskararru iya raba crystalline da amorphous. The motsi na barbashi a cikin wani crystal dauke da cikakken umarnin. A taya, kwayoyin matsawa a cikin gaba daya daban-daban manufa. Su matsawa daga daya kungiyar zuwa wani, ba za ka iya kwatanta a alamance kamar ta yawo daga daya zuwa wani tsarin wani sarari suKe comets.

A wani daga cikin gaseous jikin kwayoyin da yawa weaker bond fiye da wani ruwa ko m. Akwai iya zama da aka ambata barbashi don tare juna. Elasticity jiki gawarwakin da aka ayyana ta hade da biyu babban canji - da karfi kudi da kuma girma elasticity coefficient.

A fluidity gawarwaki

A lokacin da duk gagarumin bambance-bambance tsakanin m da ruwa jiki jikuna a tsakãninsu a cikin kaddarorin da yawa kamance. Wasu daga cikin su, ya kira taushi tara jihar ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin farko da na biyu muhimmi da duka biyu, da kuma sauran jiki Properties. Irin wannan quality kamar yadda fluidity, za a iya gano a wani m (misali - ko kankara takalma var). Shi ne muhimmi da karafa, ciki har da wuya isa. A karkashin matsin lamba mafi yawansu ba su kasance m na gudãna kamar ruwa. By hada da dumama biyu m guda daga karfe iya Weld su tare. Bugu da ƙari, soldering aiwatar faruwa a zazzabi yawa ƙananan fiye da narkewa batu na kowane.

Wannan tsari shi ne zai yiwu a yanayin cikakken lamba na sassa biyu. Shi ne a cikin wannan hanya da daban-daban karfe gami. The m dukiya ake kira yadawa.

Game da taya da gas

Bisa ga sakamakon da yawa gwaje-gwajen, masana kimiyya sun zo da wadannan ƙarshe: m jiki na zahiri - shi ne ba wasu ware kungiyar. Bambanci tsakanin su da ruwa ne kawai a cikin manyan ciki gogayya. Hasken Rana abubuwa daban-daban a jihohin auku a wani zazzabi.

Gas bambanta daga taya da daskararru cewa kara da roba karfi ko da a babban girma canji ba ya faruwa a cikin su. Bambanci tsakanin taya da daskararru - a wani daskararru faruwa na roba sojojin a karfi, Ina nufin canza siffar. Wannan sabon abu ne ba lura a taya, wanda za a iya daukar wani daga cikin siffofin.

Crystalline da amorphous

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, biyu yiwu jihohin daskararru - crystalline da amorphous. Amorphous ne jikin da suke da wannan jiki Properties a duk inda. Wannan ingancin kira isotropy. A matsayin misali, da ƙẽƙashe guduro, amber kayayyakin, gilashin. Su isotropy - sakamakon bazuwar tsari na kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta a cikin abun da ke ciki na al'amarin.

A crystalline jihar da na farko barbashi an shirya a wani sauki hanya da kuma zama kamar yadda na ciki tsarin lokaci zuwa lokaci maimaita ta a cikin daban-daban kwatance. The jiki Properties na wadannan jikin su ne daban-daban, amma su ne guda a layi daya kwatance. Irin wannan dukiya muhimmi da lu'ulu'u, da ake kira anisotropy. Ta dalilin - da unequal ƙarfi daga cikin hulda tsakanin kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta a daban-daban kwatance.

Mono- da polycrystalline

A guda lu'ulu'u kama ciki tsarin da aka maimaita a ko'ina cikin dukan girma. Polycrystals bayyana a matsayin jam'i na da ka Fused tare kananan crystallites. Su bijiro da batun kafa barbashi an shirya a kan mai tsananin tsare nesa daga juna da kuma a daidai domin. A karkashin raga nufin jerin nodes, Ina nufin maki hidima a matsayin cibiyoyin kwayoyin ko kwayoyin halitta. Metals tare da wani crystalline tsarin bauta a matsayin abu don gada gine, gine-gine da sauran m Tsarin. Shi ne saboda da kaddarorin crystalline daskararru ne a hankali karatu ga m dalilai.

A ainihin karfin halaye barnatar da shafi cikin crystal raga lahani, duka biyu surface da ciki. Hakazalika Properties daskararru ware sashe na kimiyyar lissafi ake magana a kai a matsayin m jiki makanikai.