Culture of Ancient Girka: taƙaice. Features na al'adun Ancient Girka

Gine-gine da kuma sculptures, waqoqi da kuma tunani na girma masana falsafa - duk wani ɓangare na "Greek mu'ujiza," kamar yadda masana kimiyya kira shi a yau.

Idan kana sha'awar a cikin al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, a takaice Masana shi za ku iya zuwa a cikin wannan labarin. Saboda haka, abin da farin ciki har ma da mafi saba mutumin a cikin art na baya hudu shekara dubu? Bari mu dubi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Overview

Tsoho lokaci, wanda aka halin Yunƙurin kuma flourishing Girka (as zamanin d Helenawa kira su da kasar), shi ne mafi ban sha'awa ga masu rinjaye na sukar. Kuma wani abin mamaki! Bayan duk, a wannan lokacin akwai fitowan da kuma kafa na akida, da kuma siffofin kusan duk nau'o'i na zamani art.

Duk masana kimiyya raba tarihin wannan kasa cikin biyar lokaci. Bari mu dubi cikin typology da kuma magana game da samuwar wasu iri-zane.

Aegean zamanin

Wannan zamani ne mafi fili wakilta biyu Monuments - da kuma Mycenaean fadar Knossos. A karshen da aka fi sani a yau a matsayin Labyrinth akan labarin Theseus da Minotaur. Bayan da archaeological tono, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da gaskiyar labari. Yana kiyaye kawai benen kasa, amma akwai fiye da ɗari uku da dakuna!

Bugu da ƙari kuma manyan gidãje Mycenaean lokaci ne da aka sani masks Achaean shugabanni da Cretan sculptures kananan form. Statuette samu a cikin tududa da gidan sarki, aka buge a filigree. Mata tare da macizai duba sosai idon basira da kuma m.

Saboda haka, al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, a takaice abin da aka gabatar a cikin labarin, shi ya samo asali daga wani symbiosis na zamanin d wayewar tsibirin Crete kuma zo Achaean da Dorian kabilan wanda zauna a Balkan Larabawa.

Homer lokaci

Wannan zamanin ne sosai daban-daban a cikin kayan sharuddan daga baya daya. Daga cikin XI zuwa IX karni BC, akwai lokatan da yawa muhimmanci events.

Da farko, ya mutu baya wayewa. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa a sakamakon wani volcanic shigowa. Akuma daga jihar akwai wani koma zuwa ga jama'a na'urar. A gaskiya ma, akwai wani samuwar al'umma sake.

Lamari ne mai muhimmanci da cewa a cikin mahallin da kayan ƙi ruhaniya al'adu ne gaba daya kiyaye su kuma ya ci gaba da fitowa. Mun iya ganin daga ayyukan Homer, wanda ke yin tunãni daidai wannan jadadda zamanin.

The Trojan War ne ƙarshen Minoan lokaci, da kuma marubuci ya rayu a farkon tsaoho lokaci. Wannan shi ne, "The Iliad" da "Odyssey" - kadai shaida wannan lokaci, domin baya daga gare su, kuma archaeological Finds na shi ba a san yau.

tsaoho al'ada

A wannan lokaci, akwai wani m girma da kuma samuwar States manufofin. Farawa zuwa Mint tsabar kudi, akwai wani samuwar daga cikin haruffa da kuma harafin samuwar.

A tsaoho zamanin bayyana Olympics, kafa da sadaukarwa na lafiya da kuma kira jiki.

A lokacin wannan lokaci na kunno kai al'adu na zamanin d Girka. A takaice dai rahoton a kan ci gaban da nau'o'i za ka iya karanta a.

classic lokaci

Duk da cewa fascinates mu a yau tsoho Greek al'ada (akwai wani summary na labarin), shi ke faruwa a wannan zamanin.

Falsafa da kuma kimiyya, art da sassaka, oratory kuma shayari - duk wadannan nau'o'i da ta rubucen da musamman ci gaba. A apogee na m magana ta zama Athenian gine-gine gungu, wanda har yanzu amazes da masu sauraro tare da jituwa da kuma ladabi da form.

Hellenism

A karshe zamani na ci gaban Greek al'ada ne mai ban sha'awa daidai saboda ta shubuha.

A daya hannun kuma, akwai ƙungiyar na Greek kuma Oriental hadisai a sakamakon da nasarar da na Alexander Mai girma. A gefe - Roma na kama Girka, amma karshen sallama da kansa al'ada.

architecture

A Parthenon ne mai yiwuwa daya daga cikin shahararrun Monuments, a tarihin duniya. A Doric ionic ko abubuwa, kamar ginshikan, muhimmi a cikin wasu karin 'yan gine-gine styles.

Amma, da ci gaban wannan art tsari, za mu iya gano haikali. Shi ne a cikin wannan irin gine-gine, ta zuba jarin mafi kokarin, kudi da kuma basira. Ko manyan gidãje aka mai daraja kasa da wani wuri domin hadaya ga gumakan.

The laya daga cikin tsoho Greek Ibada ne cewa su ba karaya Ibada m da m alloli. Inland na'urar suka kama talakawa gidaje, kawai sanye take da m da kome aukaka. Da kuma yadda kuma, idan gumakan da kansu aka Zagayawar kamar mutane da wannan matsaloli, husuma, da jayayya, da murna?

A nan gaba, da uku umarni ginshikan kafa dalilin mafi styles na Turai gine. Shi ne ta hanyar su da al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka a takaice, amma sosai capacious kuma m shiga rayuwa na zamani mutum.

gilashin fure zane

Ayyukan wannan art samar da mafi yawa da kuma bincika to date. A makaranta, yara koyi bayanin da aka wakilta al'adu na zamanin d Girka (takaice). Grade 5, misali, - da tsawon Dating camfin da Legends.

Kuma na farko Monuments na wannan wayewa da cewa dalibai gani - shi ne baki lacquered tukwane - kyau sosai, kuma mai salo jita-jita, kofe na wanda suka tsarabobi, kayan ado da tsarabobi a duk bayan wani lokaci.

Zanen tasoshin wuce ta dama, saukarwa na ci gaba. A farko sun kasance sauki lissafi alamu, da aka sani tun lokacin da Minoan al'adu. Next, suka kara a karkace meanders da sauran cikakkun bayanai.

A kan aiwatar da zama a gilashin fure zanen yakan mallaki fasali na zanen. A tasoshin bayyana al'amuran daga mythology da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum na zamanin d Girkawa, mutum Figures, hotuna da dabbobi da scenes daga rayuwar yau da kullum.

Abin lura shi ne cewa artist gudanar ya kai ba wai kawai da motsi a cikin zane-zane, amma kuma ba wani sirri touch zuwa haruffa. Saboda da takamaiman halaye gane da alloli da heroes ba tare da wahala.

mythology

zamanin d mutanen duniya da su fuskanci su kewaye kadan daban-daban fiye da muka saba wa fahimtar da shi. Abũbuwan bautãwa ne babban karfi, wanda ke da alhakin abin da ya faru a rayuwar mutum.

A makaranta sau da yawa tambaye su yi a kan jigo "Culture of Ancient Girka" short sakon, short, ban sha'awa, da kuma bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin al'adunmu na wannan ban mamaki wayewa. A wannan yanayin, da labarin shi ne mafi alhẽri a fara da mythology.

Greek pantheon hada da wani yawa na allolin, demigods da heroes, amma babban su goma sha biyu Olympians. Sunayen wasu daga cikinsu da aka riga aka sani a lokacin da Mycenaean wayewa. Suna da aka ambata a kan lãka Allunan da mikakke. Abin lura shi ne cewa a wannan mataki da suka kasance namiji da ta mace da takwarorinsu na wannan hali. Alal misali, Zeus ya-ya-ta Zeus.

Yau, mun san game da waɗansu abũbuwan bautãwa na zamanin d Girka ta cikin Monuments na zane-zane, da kuma adabi, wanda ya zauna da ƙarni. Sculptures, frescoes, da mutummutumai, kwaikwaiyo, kuma gajejjeran labaru, - duk wannan da aka nuna a duniya Helenawa.

Wannan mahanga sun tsira da lokaci. Art al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, a takaice, ya yi a primary da tasiri a kan ci gaban Turai da dama makarantu na iri daban-daban art. Artists na Renaissance farfado da kuma raya ra'ayoyin na style, da jituwa da kuma siffar, da aka sani a gargajiya Girka.

adabi

Mutane da yawa ƙarni ware al'ummar mu daga cikin al'umma na zamanin d Girka, kuma a zahiri ya kai mu kawai crumbs abin da aka rubuta. "Iliad" da "Odyssey", watakila - mafi mashahuri, da wanda aka sani da al'adun Ancient Girka. Synopsis (game da Odysseus da Kasadar) za a iya samu a wani anthology, da kuma exploits na hikima mutum ne m al'umma har yanzu.

Ba tare da shawara ba zai zama wata nasara daga cikin Achaeans a cikin Trojan War. A ka'ida, biyu waqe samar da wani image na mulkin na tsibirin Ithaca , a cikakken haske. Masu gane shi a matsayin na gama hali, maimakon mai yawa tabbatacce fasali.

Homer Creativity tana nufin ƙarni na takwas BC. More kwanan nan mawallafa kamar Euripides, sanya a cikin ayyukansu a sabon jet. Idan ya zuwa gare su da asali dangantakar heroes, kuma abũbuwan, kazalika da dabaru na gumãkanku, kuma su tsoma baki a cikin rayuwar talakawa mutane, amma yanzu abubuwa suna canza. da sabon ƙarni na bala'i nuna ciki duniyar mutum.

Culture of Ancient Girka, a takaice, a cikin gargajiya lokaci ne na kokarin shiga da zurfi da kuma amsa mafi yawan madawwami tambayoyi. A wannan "nazarin" da hannu waɗannan wurare kamar wallafe-wallafe, falsafa, art. Orators da kasida, manazarta, da kuma artists - duk kokarin fahimtar bambancin da duniya da kuma samar da hikimar da al'ummomi.

art

A rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan ma'adanin na gilashin fure zane abubuwa. Greek (Achaian-Minoan) lokacin da ya biyo baya Mycenaean idan sun ci gaba da wayewa wanzu a kan tsibirin, kuma ba a Balkan Larabawa.

A gaskiya da al'adu na zamanin d Girka, taƙaitaccen bayanin da muka gabatar a wannan labarin da aka kafa a karshen na biyu Millennium BC. A mafi tsoho Monuments sun Ibada (msl, Fehr Apollo haikali a tsibirin) da kuma mural tasoshin. Domin karshen halayyar juna a cikin hanyar sauki lissafi siffofi. Babban kida na artists na wannan zamanin suka yi shugabanci, kuma compasses.

A tsaoho lokaci, wanda ya fara a kusa da cikin ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu, art zama mafi m da kuma tsoro. Koranti bayyana baki lacquered tukwane, daga Misira aro hali mutane wanda aka nuna a cikin tasoshin da kuma reliefs. Akwai abin da ake kira tsaoho murmushi a sculptures, wanda aka zama karin halitta.

A gargajiya lokaci ne "Lite" architecture. A Doric style aka maye gurbinsu da ionic da Corinthian. Maimakon farkon amfani da farar ƙasa marmara da kuma gine-gine da kuma sculptures zama mafi airy. Kammala wannan wayewa sabon abu na Hellenism, heyday na daular Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Yau, a da yawa cibiyoyin nazarin al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka - a taƙaice ga yara, matasa fiye da cikakken kuma warai ga masu bincike. Amma ko da kyau nufi, ba mu da cikakken rungumi abu bar mana ta hanyar wakilan da mutane na rana.

falsafa

Ko da asalin na lokaci - Greek. Helenawa yana da karfi da soyayya na hikima. Ba abin mamaki duk a cikin tarihin duniya, aka mai da su mafi sosai ilimi mutane.

Yau, ba mu tuna da wani daga Mesofotamiya, ko Misira, masana kimiyya, masu bincike san Roman naúrar, amma sunayen Greek tunani a kan kowa na lebe. Protagoras da Democritus, Thales da Pythagoras, Socrates da Plato, Epicurus da Heraclitus - da suka yi wata babbar gudummawa ga duniya al'adu, wadãtar da sakamakon da ya gwajen a matsayin wayewa, har yanzu muna amfani da nasarorin da suka samu.

A Pythagoreans, misali, rawar absolutized lambobi a cikin duniya. Sun yi imani da cewa su za a iya amfani da su kawai, don bayyana duk, amma ko da hasashen nan gaba. Sophists kullum biya da hankali ga voyayyen duniyar mutum. Barka da ayyana ta su a matsayin wani abu wanda yake shi ne mai kyau, da kuma mugunta - kamar yadda wani abu, kõ kuma wani taron da cewa yana sa wahala.

Democritus da Epicurus ɓullo da rukunan atomism, cewa shi ne abin da duniya da aka yi sama da miniscule na farko barbashi wanda kasancewar an tabbatar kawai bayan da sabuwar dabara na hange.

Socrates ya juya, ya hankali gabascin daga cosmology ga nazarin mutum, kuma Plato idealized duniya na ideas, la'akari da shi kadai real.

Saboda haka, mun ga cewa cikin halaye na al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, a takaice, nuna ta cikin Prism na zamani falsafa ra'ayinmu game da rayuwa.

wasan kwaikwayo

Waɗanda suka yi kasance a Girka na dogon lokaci tuna da ban mamaki ji cewa wani mutum abubuwan, yayin da a amphitheater. Ya sihiri acoustics, wanda ko da a yau alama da wata mu'ujiza, ya lashe zukãtansu ga dubban shekaru. Wannan tsari, a cikin abin da fiye da dozin jerin, mataki located in bude iska, da kuma masu sauraro zaune a kan mafi wuri, iya ji yadda da tsabar kudin da dama a kan mataki. Shin ba shi da wani injiniya mãmãki?

kwaikwaiyo da abun ciki da aka ba kasa mai ban sha'awa. Yanzu da aka sani a cikin Italian commedia dell'arte samo asali saboda gargajiya Greek wasan kwaikwayo. Sassan ga motsi shimfidar wuri ta amfani da tubalan da kaya, da ake kira "deus tsohon machina", sun girgiza masu sauraro tare da su inexplicable.

Saboda haka, mun ga cewa da al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, a takaice aka bayyana a sama, sun kafa tushen zamani art, falsafa, kimiyya, da kuma zamantakewa cibiyoyin. Idan ba ga tsoho Girkawa, shi ne m abin da zai zama na zamani hanyarsa ta rayuwa.