Ivan Fedorov Monument a Moscow. Description na tunawa Ivanu Fedorovu

Halitta a 1909, da abin tunawa ga hidimar majagaba Fedorov - shi ne wani janye daga Moscow, to wanda daruruwan yawon bude ido da kuma mazauna an aiko kullum.

Ivan Fyodorov

Ivan Fedorov ya asalinsa na Rasha Empire. Ko da yake an haife shi a cikin ƙasa na zamani Moscow , kusan duk rayuwarsa ya ciyar a ƙasashen Grand Duchy na Lithuania, da Ukraine, a Lviv, wanda a wancan lokacin shi ne wani ɓangare na Rasha lardin da kuma Commonwealth. Ga wani dogon lokaci ya yi aiki a cikin Moscow bugu gidan, bude a kan kudi na sarki, da na almara Ivan Fyodorov, na farko firintar. Ya Kabarin da aka asali gina a kusa da ginin.

Duk da haka, an dauke kafa na bugu. A Rasha mulki tsawon Ivan IV karon farko da ya wallafa wani addini aiki, "Manzo." Yana Fedorov nasa ne da farko a cikin tarihin na nan a bayyana buga gidan.

Haife masanin tsakanin 1510 da 1530 da shekaru. Akwai version na haihuwarsa a cikin ƙasa na Vileyka gundumar, Minsk yankin.

Saboda haka, a yau shi ne sosai takaice tunanin. Wasu masu bincike yi imani rayuwa Fedorov cewa ya fara karatu a Krakow, kuma ya kasance da takardun shaidar. The City University yana da wani Littãfi daga shi.

Da farko ya yi nufin ya kebe kansa ga sabis na Allah, kuma aka dauke wani Irena a coci na St. Nicholas Kremlin Gostunskii.

canza jobs

Wannan Fedorov yi aiki a Bugun yadi Ivan IV, data ba kiyaye m. Ya aka yaba da littafin da dama m wasu 'yan takardu bayar a Moscow.

Daidai shekara guda 1563 a 1564 ya yi aiki Fedorov tare da mataimakansa Petrom Mstislavtsem a littafin "The Manzo". A cikin wannan littafin, da farko domin ya sa hatimi Ivan Fedorov. Ya Kabarin wakiltar farko shafi na "Manzo." A shekara daga baya, na farko printer wallafa wani sabon littafin - "Breviary."

Rayuwa a Lithuania da kuma Ukraine

Bayan da kai hare-hare a kan boyars printshop Fedorov da abõkinsa gudu a Duchy na Lithuania. A can suka zauna a Chodkiewicz, Hetman na Lithuania, da kuma fara aiki da shi. Getman sayi kuma ya bude wani bugu gidan domin su.

Estate ya ɓace, kuma inda suke located, akwai wani littafi "don ya koyar da bishara" da "Psalter da Chasoslovtsem". Na biyu edition na "The Manzo" Fedorov kwafi riga a Lviv. Domin wannan littafi, da ya rubuta, kuma ya wallafa gabatarwa magana. A sirri gayyatar da Prince of Ostrog zaunar da shekaru da yawa a wannan birni, inda wallafa duniya na farko Littafi Mai Tsarki a cikin Church. Ina da lokaci zuwa ziyarci Vienna da Krakow. Na dogon lokaci, na corresponded tare da shahararren Turai manyan malaman kimiyya.

Ya mutu a cikin Lviv, inda aka binne shi.

bugu

A matsayin ministan na Church of ƙananan aji, Ivan Fedorov zabi a buga su fi na kowa a wannan lokaci addini texts. Ya kuma buga littattafai da dama a kan nahawu, domin kowa da kowa zai iya koyon karatu da rubuta.

A farko model aka sanya littattafai kusan zuwa zamani nagartacce. The rubutu a kan daya page sanya ashirin da biyar Lines. Su ne kusan m zuwa zamani A4 format. A farko buga littafin yana buga kwallo da kai da kuma footers, kuma ko da subscript da superscript nassoshi gaye a lokacin a Turai. Sun dauki kan da akwai Ivan Fedorov. Ya tunawa, dake nuna wani littafi da irin wannan haruffa.

biyu launuka da aka yi amfani da lokacin bugu. Kafin littafin na da littafi yana zuwa a hankali karanta rubutu, to gyara kurakurai, canza wasu daga cikin Figures na magana. Kowane sabon babi majagaba ado da asali vignettes da kuma na ado fonts.

inji

A wannan almara kayan aiki, bi da rana da kuma dare na yi aiki Fedorov, kusan babu data. Bayan mutuwar m zauna kawai a bayanin abin da shi ne a kan shi. The inji aka kerarre ta Italian fasaha. Don shi, suka tafi da cinikinku katako sassa. A haruffa zuwa takarda guga man ta cikin farantin, jan manyan dunƙule propeller. Yana da aka samu a wannan wuri da kuma firam ga haruffa. Machine auna kamar 104 kilo. Suna iya amfani da Ivan Fedorov. Abin tunawa ne na mabiya da na'ura in an kara girman view.

Tarihi na tunawa

Yana nufin tabbatar da cewa dorewar ƙwaƙwalwar mai girma Ivan Fedorov, suka fara tattara a 1870. A initiators na taro akwai wakilai daga Moscow archaeological Union. Ko da yake kudi da kuma sa tare wajen sauri, wannan tambaya na daidai da wanda zai yi aiki a kan sassaka, ya kasance a bude.

Monument zuwa Ivan Fedorov, inda majagaba tsaye zuwa ga cikakken tsawo, da aka kafa a 1909. Money shi tattara talatin da shekara tara. Kafin gina tunawa da shi da aka tattara 29 000 rubles, wani mataki Naira Miliyan Xari a wancan lokacin. Gasar gine-ginen da sculptors a karon farko ya kasa. Hukumar ba ya son wani zabin samarwa ayyukansu.

Bayan da hankali selection na mafi kyau aiki na artists na Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe suka shiga sculptor Sergey Mihaylovich Volnuhin kuma m Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov. Kimanta ayyukan Klyuchevskii lashe tarihi da zane-zane Apollinaris Vasnetsov.

Description na tunawa zuwa Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fyodorov tsaya a wani abin tunawa a ya fi so hali yayin da aiki. A hannu daya ya buga jirgi tare da wani sa na haruffa. A daya hannun ya riqe da ya kawai ya yi wani page daga littafin "The Manzo." A sassaka da aka yi da tagulla.

Description na tunawa zuwa Ivan Fedorov ba zai zama cikakken idan ba ka magana game da tufafinsa. Ko da yake m da kuma ruhaniya ne mutum, sculptors wanda aka nuna a cikin saba tufafin ga waɗanda sau: dogon gashi maballaye a mashiga, daga abin da zai iya ganin wando tucked cikin takalma.

Gashi majagaba daura da kintinkiri, don haka kamar yadda ba su tsoma baki a lokacin aiki.

A pedestal aka yi wa ado da gashi na makamai na Fedorov a hannu da kuma garkuwa da baqaqen. A saman haruffa nuna kadan tip, kamar kibiya. A karkashin mutum-mutumi na master yana da wani sa hannu "Nikoly Chudotvortsa Gostunskogo Irena Ivan Fedorov".

A sculptor iya ba watsi da littafin "The Manzo" da kuma sa da kwanan watan farawa na da aka kafa a karkashin sunan da m.

location

A wuri inda wani abin tunawa ga Ivan Fedorov, ba zaba kwatsam. Kusa da shi kuma ya sau daya a bugu gidan, wanda aka] en Ivanom Groznym. Akwai kuma ya bayyana cikin littafin "The Manzo" a cikin ta farko edition. A yadi da aka kafa a 1553, kuma a lokaci guda Fedorov fara aiki a can.

Lokacin da Bitrus da Great a wannan wuri ya fara buga jaridar "Vedomosti".

Amma idan da yawon bude ido za a tambaye inda akwai wani abin tunawa Ivanu Fodorovu, suka kira wani sosai daban-daban wuri. Dalilin wannan ya canja wuri na tunawa da pedestal. A 1934, titunan Moscow fara fadada, rushe tsohon gine-gine. Kitai-Gorod bango ya tafi, kuma aka yanke shawarar da don matsawa da mutum-mutumi.

Kuma a cikin shekaru 90 da tunawa da aka mayar da su cikin Metropole Hotel. Daga aiki Fedorov, da zarar Mint ne babbar, akwai kawai karamin hasumiya. Akwai, a cikin tsohon "dama" Ivan Fyodorov aiki. A yawon shakatawa a Kabarin da aka gudanar a kan weekdays da kuma karshen mako, da kuma shi ya ƙare da wani yawon shakatawa na attics.

A ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Fedorov

Moscow tunawa - shi ne ba kawai tunani da wannan nagarin mutum ne, na ruhaniya fuska da kuma malama. A 1997, wani gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin girmamawa Ivana Fedorova da aka bude a Potocki Palace. Yana yiwuwa a yi koyi game da rayuwar mahaliccin littattafai, kazalika da game da yadda za a buga aiwatar da farko ya zaɓi wanda littattafai don buga da kuma dalilin da ya sa na farko da aka buga kawai addinin wallafe-wallafe.

Kusa da gidan kayan gargajiya ne "daraja" kamar yadda wani mutum Ivan Fedorov - majagaba. A tunawa da aka yi da sculptor Anatoly Galyanom.

A 1998, a Triniti-Sergius Lavra tsarkake icon, wanda ya siffanta da kafa littattafai tare da na'ura. Wannan relic ne na musamman da cewa a karon farko a cikin dukan tarihin Orthodox a kan shi zo jawo latsa.

A shekara ta 2009 Fyodorov aka canonized a Old mũminai, Orthodox Church, christened shi John Irena.

Kuma a 2010, da sunan Ivan Fedorov aka bayar da Jihar Jami'ar Bugun a Moscow, da rana na su da ya eightieth ranar haihuwa.

A Lviv, a kan wani tsakiyar square tsaye a biyar-mita sassaka - ado a ecclesiastical riguna Ivan Fedorov. Monument a Moscow ne sosai daban-daban daga gare ta. Monument a Lviv da aka sanya a kusa da inda aka typography.

Facts game da abin tunawa

• A lokacin da bude daga cikin abin tunawa a 1909, shi tãra dukkan hukumomi na birnin. procession da aka yi. Kashegari, passersby gano cewa, akwai wani abin tunawa wreath a kan abin da yake cikin rubutu "Shahidai Rasha littafin-bugu." Unknown so ambatonsu haka wadanda zalunci wanda ya jimre Ivan Fedorov a Moscow ta sa'an nan hukumomi.
• A labari a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya Ivan Fedorov. Monument a Moscow da aka nuna a kan Soviet kudin sufurin kan sarki cewa shekara don tunawa da mutum ɗari uku da hamsin shekaru bayan mutuwarsa.
• A sassaka za a iya gani yayin da kallon sau daya-acclaimed Soviet blockbuster "The wuri ba za a iya canja." Kusa da shi Sharapov da kuma Anna hadu.
• Abin tunawa ne dake kusa da Rue St. Nicholas. An dade kasance domin ta shahara littafi kasuwa da kuma shagunan. Kafin juyin juya hali, Nicholas ya na ainihi cibiyar na cikin littafin rai, gida daga safe har zuwa dare duk da Moscow Elite.
• A Soviet sau, da abin tunawa suka kai tsaye hade da littattafai. Littafinsa kusantar da a kan talla kasuwanni da kuma sabon Stores.
• Fedorov abin tunawa a bayyane daga Okhotny Ryad.
• Mahaliccin samfurin da aka dauke su magabacin Volnukhin Nouveau da symbolism a Rasha sassaka. Sama da shi, sai ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu.
• Don wannan rana shi ba a kiyaye su da wani ya ambaci yadda za a duba Ivan Fedorov. Monument jera taimaka wajen haifar da I. Zabelin, Rasha tarihi, wanda Ya shiryar da da sculptor, mayar da hankali a kan wani lokaci a lokacin da m rayu.