... rage kaddarorin da redox Properties

Redox Properties na mutum kwayoyin zarra da ions ne wani muhimmin batu a zamani sunadarai. Wannan abu taimaka wajen bayyana da ayyukan da abubuwa da kuma abubuwa da za su gudanar da wani cikakken kwatanta da sinadaran Properties daga cikin daban-daban kwayoyin halitta.

Mene ne oxidizing wakili

Mutane da yawa da matsaloli a cikin sunadarai, ciki har da gwajin tambayoyi na hadade jihar jarrabawa a aji 11, da kuma Jeg a cikin 9th sa, hade da wannan ra'ayi. A oxidant aka dauke kwayoyin zarra ko ions, wanda a cikin shakka daga sinadaran hulda yarda electrons daga wani ion ko zarra. Idan muka bincika da oxidizing Properties na atoms bukatar lokaci-lokaci tsarin na Mendeleev. A lokacin, wanda ake located in tebur daga hagu zuwa dama, da oxidizing ikon da kwayoyin halitta ƙaruwa, watau, da irin wannan ba na ƙarfe ba Properties. Manyan subgroups kama siga rage-rage zuwa ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi iko na sauki abubuwa da ciwon wani oxidizing ikon, kai fluoride. A lokaci kamar "electronegativity", yana yiwuwa su yi zarra a cikin hali na sinadaran hulda da electrons iya a yi la'akari synonymous tare da oxidative Properties. Daga hadaddun abubuwa da kunshi biyu ko fiye da sinadaran abubuwa za a iya daukan haske oxidants: potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, lemar sararin samaniya.

Mene ne reductant

Rage Properties hankula ga sunadaran sauki abubuwa exhibiting ƙarfe Properties. A lokaci na lokaci-lokaci tebur a cikin ƙarfe Properties, bari rauni, kuma a cikin manyan subgroups (a tsaye), suna Littafi. Jigon da dawo da a cikin tasiri na electrons, wanda aka located a kan m makamashi matakin. A mafi girma da yawan electron bawo (matakan), da sauki don aika a lokacin da sinadaran hulda da "karin" electrons.

Excellent rage kaddarorin da aiki (Alkali, alkaline ƙasa) karafa. Bugu da kari, abubuwa exhibiting kama sigogi cewa bambanta da sulfur oxide (6), carbon monoxide. Domin samun matsakaicin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka, da mahadi da nuna rage Properties.

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari

Idan, yayin lokacin da sinadaran hulda da zarra ko ion hasarar electrons zuwa wani zarra (ion), yana nufin aiwatar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Domin wani bincike na yadda canje-canje rage dũkiyarsu da kuma oxidative iya aiki, ake bukata abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur, kazalika da sanin halin yanzu dokokin kimiyyar lissafi.

dawo da tsarin

Rage matakai unsa da tallafi na ions ko electrons da kwayoyin halitta wasu kwayoyin halitta (ions) a lokacin kai tsaye sinadaran hulda. Excellent rage jamiái ne nitrites, sulfites Alkali karafa. Rage Properties na abubuwa a cikin tsarin canza karfe Properties kama da sauki abubuwa.

Shikenan lissafin analysis OVR

Domin shirya sinadaran dauki na dalibi shirya da coefficients, dole ne ka yi amfani da musamman algorithm. Redox Properties taimaka wajen warware da dama zane ayyuka a cikin analytical, Organic, janar sunadarai. Domin bayar da wani bincike na dauki:

1. Da farko, yana da muhimmanci domin ayyana kowane kashi samuwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, ta amfani da dokoki.
2. Next ayyana wadanda kwayoyin halitta ko ions, wanda ya canja su hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar da za a hannu a cikin dauki.
3. Marks "debe" da "da" nuna yawan simintin soma a lokacin da sinadaran dauki na free electrons.
4. Bugu da ari, tsakanin yawan electrons ne m da m kowa mahara, Ina nufin wani lamba da cewa shi ne a ko'ina raba su da yarda da kuma mika wuya electrons.
5. To, shi ne zuwa kashi electrons musharaka cikin sinadaran halayen.
6. Next, mun sanin daidai da ions ko kwayoyin zarra da rage Properties, kazalika da sanin oxidants.
7. A karshe mataki na gabatar da coefficients a Eq.

Da ake ji Hanyar da lantarki balance, sanya coefficients a ba dauki makirci:

NaMnO ₄ + sulfuric acid + hydrogen sulfide = S + mn SO ₄ + ... + ...

Shikenan lissafin su warware wannan matsalar ta

Mun gano daidai da abin da ya kamata a kafa bayan da hulda da al'amarin. Tun da dauki An riga an oxidant (za su manganese) da kuma tsare rage wakili (shi zai zama sulfur) kafa abu wanda ba a canza mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Tun da babban dauki faruwa tsakanin gishiri da kuma karfi oxygen-dauke acid, sa'an nan daya daga cikin karshen abu zai zama ruwa, da kuma na biyu - sodium gishiri, mafi daidai, sodium sulfate.

Bari yanzu mu koma makirci da kuma tallafi na electron:

- mn ⁺⁷ daukan 5 e = mn ^+2.

A kashi na biyu na makirci:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Mun sanya a cikin na farko dauki rates, ba manta a takaita duk sulfur kwayoyin halitta a tarnaƙi na lissafi.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ SO ₄ = 5s + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ Ya + Na ₂ SO _4.

Parsing OVR shafe hydrogen peroxide

Da ake ji da algorithm analysis OVR iya danganta da sinadaran dauki:

hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid + potassium permagnanat = mn SO ₄ + oxygen + ... + ...

Hadawan abu da iskar shaka canza oxygen ion (hydrogen peroxide) da kuma manganese cation zuwa potassium permanganate. Wannan shi ne, a rage wakili da kuma wani oxidizing wakili, muna ba.

Ƙayyade abin da wani abu zai iya har yanzu faru bayan da hulda. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne ruwa, wanda aka fili wakilta dauki tsakanin acid da gishiri. Potassium su samar da wani sabon abu, na biyu samfurin zai potassium gishiri, wato sulfate, kamar yadda na dauki tafi tare da sulfuric acid.

tuki:

2O ^- 2 ^ba electron da kuma canza kama zuwa Yã ₂ ⁰ 5

Mn ⁺⁷ 5 sami electrons da kuma zama wani ion 2 mn ⁺²

Mun sa rates.

5H ₂ Ya ₂ + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO = 5O _{2 4} + 2Mn SO ₄ + 8H ₂ Ya + K ₂ SO ₄

MISALI parsing OVR da potassium chromate

Amfani da hanyar lantarki balance, tsayar da wani lissafi da coefficients:

FeCl ₂ + hydrochloric acid + potassium chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

Canje-canjen hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar baƙin ƙarfe (iron chloride a II) da kuma chromium ion a potassium bichromate.

Yanzu muna kokarin gane abin da sauran abubuwa suna kafa. Daya iya zama gishiri. Kamar yadda potassium ba kafa wani fili haka na biyu samfurin ne potassium gishiri, mafi daidai, chloride, saboda da dauki dauki wuri tare da hydrochloric acid.

Don chart:

Fe ⁺² aika e = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 na'am e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Mun gabatar da da coefficients a cikin na farko dauki:

6K ₂ Kr ₂ Ya ₇ + ₂ + FeCl 14HCl = 7H ₂ Ya + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

MISALI parsing OVR da potassium iodide

Amfani da makamai da dokokin, tsayar da wani lissafi:

potassium permanganate + sulfuric acid + potassium iodide, manganese sulfate + ... iodo + ... + ...

Hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar canza manganese da aidin. Wannan ne reductant da oxidant ne ba.

Yanzu mun gano a karshen mun kafa. A fili za potassium, Ina nufin samu potassium sulfate.

Rage matakai faruwa a cikin aidin ions.

Samar da electron canja wurin makirci:

- mn ⁺⁷ 5 na'am e = mn ⁺² 2 ne oxidizing wakili,

^- 2I - yana E = I 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 ne a rage wakili.

Mun shirya coefficients a cikin na farko dauki, yayin da ka manta da su taƙaita duk sulfur kwayoyin halitta a cikin lissafi.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ SO ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ SO ₄ + 8H ₂ Ya

MISALI parsing OVR da sodium sulfite

Amfani da na gargajiya hanya, muka zana har da makircinsu ga lissafi:

- sulfuric acid + KMnO ₄ + ... sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, manganese sulfate + ... + ... +

Bayan maida martani samu sodium gishiri da ruwa.

Don chart:

- mn ⁺⁷ 5 na'am e = mn ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 aika e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Mun shirya coefficients a cikin wannan dauki ba manta a saka sulfur kwayoyin halitta a saitin coefficients.

3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₃ = K ₂ SO ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

MISALI parsing OVR da nitrogen

Kammala da wadannan ayyuka. Amfani da algorithm, mun samar da cikakken dauki lissafi:

- manganese nitrate + Nitric acid + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + Pb (NO _{3) 2} +

Bari mu bincika abin da abu ko da siffofin. Tun da dauki da aka gudanar tsakanin wani karfi oxidizing wakili da gishiri, sa'an nan abu ne ruwa.

Zã Mu nũna da canji a cikin yawan electrons:

- mn ⁺² 5 aika e = mn ⁺⁷ 2 farfado da kaddarorin a rage wakili,

- Pb ⁺⁴ 2 na'am e = Pb ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. Mu shirya coefficients a cikin na farko dauki, a hankali ƙara sama da dukan nitrogen yanzu a gefen hagu na farko lissafi:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (NO _{3) 2} + 2h ₂ O.

A wannan dauki, Munã rage Properties ba bayyana nitrogen.

A na biyu samfurin na redox dauki tare da nitrogen:

Zn + sulfuric acid + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 aika e = Zn ⁺² 3 a rage wakili,

N ⁺⁵ 3 na'am e = N ⁺² 2 ne oxidant.

Mun sanya coefficients a qaddara dauki:

3Zn + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

Muhimmancin da redox halayen

Mafi fi sanin rage dauki - photosynthesis, wani hali shuka. Yadda za a canza Properties na dawo? A tsari na faruwa a Muciya, shi take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a samar da makamashi da na waje Madogararsa. Yana da wannan makamashi da kuma amfani ga bukatun su na bil'adama. Misalai na oxidizing da rage halayen hade da sinadaran abubuwa, suna na musamman muhimmancin mayar mahadi da nitrogen, carbon, oxygen. Ta hanyar photosynthesis Duniya ta yanayi yana da irin wannan abun da ke ciki da ake bukata don ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Ta hanyar photosynthesis bã ya ƙãra carbon dioxide a cikin iska casing, da farfajiya na Duniya ba overheated. A shuka tasowa ba kawai ta hanyar redox dauki, amma da ake so siffofin irin wannan abubuwa da mutane, kamar oxygen, glucose. Ba tare da wannan sinadaran dauki ba zai iya zama mai cikakken sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi, kazalika da wanzuwar kwayoyin rayuwa.

Practical aikace-aikace OVR

Domin ya kula da karfe surface, shi wajibi ne a san cewa, sun rage Properties aiki karafa, saboda haka yana yiwuwa ya rufe da surface Layer a kan aiki da rabi, haka inda hakan kan aiwatar da sinadaran lalata. Saboda da redox kaddarorin da tsabtace da kuma disinfection na shan ruwa. Babu daya matsala ba za a iya warware ba tare da sanya daidai a cikin lissafi coefficients. Domin kauce wa kurakurai, yana da muhimmanci a yi wani ra'ayi game da duk redox sigogi.

Kariya da sinadaran lalata

Musamman kalubale a rayuwar mutum da kuma aiki ne da lalata. A sakamakon sinadaran hira daga karfe gazawar, rasa su yi mota sassa, inji kayayyakin aiki. Domin gyara wannan matsala, yin amfani da hadaya kariya, wani karfe shafi Layer na varnish ko fenti da ake ji anticorrosive gami. Alal misali, karfe surface an rufe tare da Layer na aiki karfe - aluminum.

ƙarshe

A iri-iri na raguwa halayen da faruwa a cikin jiki, tabbatar da al'ada aiki na narkewa kamar tsarin. Irin wannan asali rayuwa matakai kamar fermentation, putrefaction, numfasawa, kuma hade tare da rage Properties. Da irin wannan fasali, dukan abubuwa masu rai a wannan duniya tamu. Ba tare da dauki tare da ƙaddamar da kuma yarda da electrons ba za a iya Mining, masana'antu samar da ammonia, alkalis, acid. A duk hikimar tantance sunadarai dabaru volumetric analysis dogara ne a kan redox tafiyar matakai. Yaqi tare da irin wannan m sabon abu da sunadarai lalata, shi ne kuma bisa ga ilimi na wadannan matakai.