Mahadi nitrogen. Properties na nitrogen

Haihuwar da ta nitrate - kamar yadda aka fassara daga Latin kalma Nitrogenium. Wannan lakabi nitrogen - sinadari da wani atomic yawan 7, shugaban 15 th kungiyar a cikin dogon version na lokaci-lokaci tebur. A cikin wani nau'i na sauki abu hada da duniya rarraba jakar iska - yanayi. A iri-iri na nitrogen mahadi samu a duniya ta ɓawon burodi, da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna yadu amfani da masana'antu, soja, aikin noma da kuma magani.

Me ake nitrogen da ake kira "choking" da "m"

Kamar yadda masana tarihi na sunadarai ƙawãta farko samu wannan mai sauki abu Henry Cabendish (1777). Kimiyya wuce iska a kan zafi garwashin ga sha na da dauki kayayyakin amfani Alkali. A sakamakon kwarewa bincike samu colorless kuma odorless gas, kwal unreacted. Cabendish ya kira shi "gagarumin iska" ga rashin kula da numfashi da kuma konewa.

Modern Chemical a iya bayyana cewa oxygen da aka mayar da martani tare da kwal, carbon dioxide da aka kafa. Sauran "stifling" na cikin iska ya ga ya fi ɓangare na kwayoyin N _2. Cabendish da sauran masana kimiyya a lokacin game da wannan al'amari ba tukuna sani, ko da yake nitrogen da nitrate mahadi sa'an nan aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. The masanin kimiyya gaya game da sabon abu gas zuwa wani abokin aiki da za su gudanar da irin wannan gwaje-gwajen - Joseph Priestley.

A lokaci guda Carl Scheele kusantar da hankali ga unknown bangaren na iska, amma kasa yadda ya kamata bayyana ta asali. Kawai Daniel Rutherford a 1772, ya gane cewa ba gwaje-gwajen "gagarumin" "spoiled" gas - nitrogen. Wasu masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni ta discoverer - shi har yanzu ne muhawara masana tarihi na kimiyya.

Shekaru 15 bayan Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen shahara sunadarai Antuan Lavuaze samarwa don maye gurbin ajalin iska "washe" yana nufin nitrogen, a kan sauran - Nitrogenium. By lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa wannan abu bai ƙone ba, ba ya goyon bayan numfashi. To, akwai mutane da Rasha sunan "nitrogen", wanda aka fassara a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Sau da yawa ce cewa Kalmar tana nufin "m". M karatu sun karyata da tartsatsi imani game da kaddarorin abubuwa. Nitrogen mahadi - sunadarai - manyan macromolecules a cikin abun da ke ciki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Domin yi shuke-shuke sha daga ƙasa ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki zama dole abubuwa - ^2- ions NO ₃ da kuma NH ^4+.

Nitrogen - wani sinadari mai

Don gane da atomic tsarin da kaddarorin taimaka da lokaci-lokaci tsarin (PS). A matsayi na na sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur iya ayyana nukiliya cajin, yawan protons da neutrons (taro lambar). Wajibi ne a kula da tamanin da atomic taro - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan halaye na kashi. lokaci, lambar yayi dace da yawan makamashi matakan. A takaice version na lokaci-lokaci tebur Group yawan yayi dace da yawan electrons a waje energaticheskom matakin. Rungumar data a general halaye na nitrogen da matsayinsu a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin:

• Wannan shi ne ba na ƙarfe ba ne kashi a cikin sama dama kusurwa na SS.
• Chemical alama ce: N.
• Property lambar: 7.
• Dangi atomic taro: 14,0067.
• Formula maras tabbas hydrogen mahadi: NH ₃ (ammonia).
• Siffofin da hakan oxide N ₂ Ya _5, wanda shi ne daidaita da valency na nitrogen V.

Structure nitrogen zarra:

• nukiliya cajin +7.
• Yawan protons: 7; da yawan neutrons: 7.
• Yawan makamashi matakan: 2.
• A total number of electrons: 7; e dabara: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Details karatu barga isotopes № kashi 7, su taro lambobin - 14 da kuma 15. A abun ciki na wani haske sunadaran wanda shi ne 99,64%. A nuclei na short-rayu rediyoaktif isotope ne ma 7 protons, da kuma yawan neutrons dabam ƙwarai: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen a cikin yanayi

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na iska kwayoyin ne da duniya ta yanzu daina kai hare hare sauki abu, wanda dabara - N _2. Da abun ciki na nitrogen gas a cikin yanayi ne game da 78,1% girma. Inorganic mahadi daga cikin sinadaran da rabi a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi - daban-daban ammonium salts da kuma nitrates (niter). Mahadi daga cikin dabara da kuma sunayen wasu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwa:

• NH _3, ammonia.
• NO _2, nitrogen dioxide.
• Nano ₃ sodium nitrate.
• (NH _{4) 2} SO _4, ammonium sulfate.

A valence na nitrogen a karshen biyu mahadi - IV. Coal, gona, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ma dauke da kwayoyin halitta N a mamaye form. Nitrogen ne a bangaren na amino acid macromolecules DNA da RNA nucleotides, hormones da haemoglobin. A duka abun ciki na sinadari a cikin jikin mutum ya kai 2.5%.

sauki abu

Nitrogen a cikin nau'i na diatomic kwayoyin - mafi girma girma da kuma nauyi na yanayi iska. Abu, wanda dabara ne N _2, yana da wani wari, launi da dandano. Wannan gas ne fiye da 2/3 iska duniya daina kai hare hare. The ruwa nitrogen ne a colorless abu, mai kama da ruwa. Tafasa a zazzabi na -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. Simple abu bit sauki oxygen, nitrogen, iska, ta yawa ne kusa da 1.

Sunadaran a cikin kwayoyin daura da tabbaci 3 shared electron nau'i-nau'i. A fili farfado da wani babban sunadarai juriya, wanda ya bambanta da shi daga oxygen da kuma sauran gaseous abubuwa. Don a nitrogen kwayoyin da aka raba cikin ta bijiro da batun kafa kwayoyin halitta zama dole don ciyar da makamashi 942,9 KJ / mol. Contact na uku nau'i-nau'i daga electrons ne sosai karfi, ya fara karya saukar a lokacin da ya kona sama 2000 ° C.

kusan ba ya faruwa a karkashin al'ada yanayi, da dissociation daga kwayoyin cikin sunadaran. Chemical inertness ne ma ya sa da nitrogen da cikakken rashi na polarity a cikin kwayoyin. Su yi mu'amala sosai tare da weakly juna, game da shi aiki da gaseous Jihar al'amari a al'ada matsa lamba da kuma a zazzabi kusa da dakin da zazzabi. Low sinadaran aiki na kwayoyin nitrogen da ake amfani a daban-daban matakai da na'urorin inda shi wajibi ne don haifar da wani inert yanayi.

Dissociation daga kwayoyin N ₂ na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da hasken rana radiation a cikin sama yanayi. Atomic nitrogen da aka kafa, wanda reacts tare da wasu karafa da kuma nonmetals karkashin al'ada yanayi (phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic). A sakamakon haka ne da kira na da abubuwa da kasancewa ƙasa yanayi samu a kaikaice.

nitrogen valency

A matsanancin electron harsashi na zarra samar da wata 2 s 3 da kuma p electron. Wadannan korau nitrogen iya ba barbashi lokacin da hulda da sauran abubuwa da suka dace ta rage Properties. Adjoining da m bane to 3 electron zarra farfado oxidative ikon. Electronegativity nitrogen kasa ta ƙarfe Properties ne kasa pronounced fiye da na sunadarin flourine, oxygen da kuma chlorine. Lokacin da hulda da wadannan sinadaran abubuwa nitrogen ba electrons (oxidize). Rage zuwa korau ions bi ta dauki tare da sauran karafa da kuma nonmetals.

Hankula nitrogen valence - III. A wannan yanayin, da sinadaran shaidu aka kafa ta m p-janye daga electrons da halittar kowa (dauri) biyu. Nitrogen da yake iya kafa bayarwa-Mai karɓar bond saboda ta LonE biyu daga electrons, kamar yadda shi ne ammonium ion NH ^4+.

Samun a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu

Daya dakin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin dangane oxidative Properties na jan karfe oxide. Yi amfani da nitrogen fili tare da hydrogen - ammonia NH _3. Wannan m ƙanshi gas vzaimoddeystvuet tare da powdered jan oxide baki. A sakamakon dauki samar nitrogen da kuma bayyana ƙarfe da tagulla (ja foda). Ajiye a tube ganuwar waterdrops - wani dauki samfurin.

Wani dakin gwaje-gwaje Hanyar cewa yana amfani da wani nitrogen fili da karafa - azide, misali Nan _3. Samu ta hanyar wani gas wanda ba ya bukatar da za a tsabtace daga abin gurɓatawa.

A dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka kwashe bazuwar na ammonium nitrite zuwa nitrogen da water. Don fara da dauki, dumama ake bukata, sa'an nan aiwatar fitowa tare da ci gaba da zafi (exothermic). Nitrogen da aka gurbata da impurities, don haka shi aka tsabtace da kuma bushe.

Shiri na nitrogen a cikin masana'antu:

• fractional barasan na ruwa iska - a hanya, wanda yayi amfani da jiki Properties na nitrogen da oxygen (daban-daban tafasar batu).
• sunadarai dauki daga cikin iska mai zafi kwal.
• adsorptive gas rabuwa.

Hulda da karafa da kuma hydrogen - oxidizing Properties

Inertia m kwayoyin ba da damar wasu kai tsaye kira na nitrogen mahadi. Don kunna kwayoyin halitta zama dole don karfi dumama ko sakawa a iska mai guba abu. Nitrogen iya amsa tare da lithium a dakin da zazzabi, tare da magnesium, alli da sodium, da dauki fitowa kawai ta dumama. M karfe nitrides suna kafa.

The hulda da nitrogen da hydrogen faruwa a high zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba. Har ila yau, wannan tsari na bukatar kara kuzari. Ammonia samu - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci sinadaran kira. Nitrogen, a matsayin oxidizing wakili, ya nuna a cikin tri korau hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi:

• 3 (ammonia da sauran nitrogen mahadi, hydrogen - nitrides).
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

A mafi muhimmanci nitride - ammonia - shirya a cikin manyan yawa a cikin masana'antu. A babban matsala na dogon lokaci zauna da sinadaran inertness na nitrogen. Its kafofin na raw kayan da aka yi nitrate, amma ma'adinai fara samun koma baya hanzari tare da ci gaban da samar.

Babban rabo mai girma daga cikin sinadaran kimiyya da kuma yi ya kasance halittar ammonia nitrogen kam dabara a kan wani m sikelin. A musamman ginshikan ne ta kai tsaye kira - a reversible tsari tsakanin nitrogen samu daga iska da kuma hydrogen. A lokacin da samar da mafi kyau duka yanayi, canjawa da ma'auni na wannan dauki ga samfurin gefe, ta amfani da mai kara kuzari ammonia amfanin ƙasa ne 97%.

Hulda da oxygen - rage Properties

Domin fara da amsawa da nitrogen da oxygen, dole ne ta zama mai karfi dumama. Mallaka da isasshen makamashi da lantarki baka da wani walƙiya sallama zuwa yanayi. A mafi muhimmanci inorganic mahadi a cikin abin da nitrogen ne a cikin m hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi:

• 1 (nitrogen oxide (I) N ₂ Ya).
• +2 (NO na nitrogen monoxide).
• 3 (nitrogen oxide (III) N ₂ Ya _3, HNO ₂ nitrous acid, nitrite salts daga gare).
• 4 (nitrogen dioxide (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (nitrogen pentoxide (V) N ₂ Ya _5, HNO ₃ nitric acid, nitrates).

The darajar da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa

Tsire-tsire sha ammonium nitrate ions da anions daga ƙasa amfani ga kira na sinadaran halayen kwayoyin kwayoyin a cikin Kwayoyin kullum a guje. Yanayi nitrogen nodule kwayoyin iya assimilate - microscopic abokai kafa nodules a kan tushen da legumes. A sakamakon haka, wannan rukuni na shuke-shuke samu da ake buƙata baturi, shi wadãtar da cikin ƙasa.

A lokacin wurare masu zafi saman faruwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki na yanayi nitrogen. A oxides ake narkar da ta samar da acid, wadannan mahadi na nitrogen shiga cikin ƙasa a cikin ruwa. Saboda sake zagayowar na abubuwa a yanayi ake kullum a bayansa da ta reserves a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, da iska. Complex kwayoyin kwayoyin dauke da nitrogen a cikin abun da ke ciki, suna kaskanta kwayoyin a kan inorganic aka gyara.

m amfani

A mafi muhimmanci nitrogen mahadi don aikin noma - sosai narkewa gishiri. Tunawa da shuke-shuke urea nitrate (sodium, potassium, alli), ammonium mahadi (ammonia ruwa, chloride, sulfate, ammonium nitrate).
Inert Properties nitrogen shuke-shuke rashin iyawa zuwa sha shi daga waje gubar da bukatar yin manyan allurai a shekara nitrates. Sassa na shuka kwayoyin ne iya adana macrocell ikon "na nan gaba", wanda rage ingancin samfurin. Wuce haddi nitrates a kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa na iya haifar da guba a cikin mutane, ci gaban da m siffofin maruran. Bugu da kari, ga harkokin noma, nitrogen mahadi aka yi amfani a wasu masana'antu:

• da shiri na medicaments.
• sunadarai kira na high-kwayoyin mahadi.
• a yi na bama-bamai daga trinitrotoluene (TNT).
• domin samar da dyes.

NO oxide sami yin amfani da tiyata, da abu yana da wani analgesic sakamako. Asarar abin mamaki a lokacin da inhaled gas lura cewa, ko da farko masu bincike nitrogen sinadaran Properties. Saboda haka akwai wani kowa sunan "dariya gas".

Matsalar nitrates a kayayyakin gona

A salts na nitric acid - nitrate - dauke da singly cajin anion NO ^3-. Har yanzu amfani da tsohon sunan kungiyar na abubuwa - ammonium nitrate. Nitrates ana amfani da takin filayen, a greenhouses, da gidãjen Aljanna. Fito mana da su a farkon spring kafin dasa, a lokacin rani - a cikin irin ruwa feedings. By kansu, to, abu bai gabatar da wani babban hatsari ga mutane, amma a cikin jiki, suna tuba zuwa nitrites, sa'an nan a cikin nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- ions - mai guba gaɓũɓuwa, suka sa hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ferrous baƙin ƙarfe a cikin haemoglobin kwayoyin a cikin trivalent ions. A wannan jiha, babban abu na mutane da dabbobi jini ba iya safarar oxygen da kuma cire carbon dioxide daga kyallen takarda.

A mafi m nitrate samu abinci ga mutum kiwon lafiya:

• m marurai tasowa a cikin hira da nitrates zuwa nitrosamines (carcinogenic).
• da ci gaban ulcerative colitis,
• hypotension ko hauhawar jini.
• zuciya rashin cin nasara.
• zub da jini cuta
• raunuka na hanta, pancreas da kuma ci gaban ciwon sukari.
• ci gaban da na koda gazawar.
• anemia, illa ƙwaƙwalwar, da hankali da kuma hankali.

A lokaci daya amfani da daban-daban kayayyakin da manyan allurai nitrates take kaiwa zuwa m guba. A kafofin iya zama shuke-shuke, da shan ruwa, shirye-sanya nama jita-jita. Soaking a ruwa mai tsabta da kuma dafa iya rage sinadirai masu abun ciki na nitrate kayayyakin. Da masu bincike gano cewa, hakan allurai na m mahadi lura a m da greenhouse shuka samar.

Phosphorus - kashi Pnictogen

Sunadaran sinadaran abubuwa da suke a cikin wannan tsaye shafi na lokaci-lokaci tsarin, ya nuna kowa Properties. Phosphorus aka located a cikin na uku lokaci, shi yana nufin da kungiyar 15, kazalika da nitrogen. Structure abubuwa irin kwayoyin halitta, amma akwai bambance-bambance a Properties. Nitrogen da phosphorus nuna korau valency da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar III a cikin mahadi da karafa da kuma hydrogen.

Mutane da yawa phosphorus halayen ci gaba a talakawa yanayin zafi, a chemically aiki rabi. An mayar da martani tare da oxygen ta samar da P ₂ Ya ₅ mafi girma oxide. The ruwa-ruwa bayani daga wannan abu yana da kaddarorin acid (metaphosphoric). Duk da yake dumama orthophosphoric acid da aka samu. Yana ma'anar da jam'i na iri salts, da yawa daga waxanda suke da ma'adinai takin, misali superphosphates. Nitrogen da phosphorus mahadi samar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta da kuma samar da makamashi a wannan duniya tamu, a yi amfani da masana'antu, aikin gona da kuma sauran filayen.