Icebreaker "Chelyuskin": tarihi da rabo

Shahararren icebreaker "Chelyuskin" da aka gina a cikin shekara ta 1933 a Denmark ta domin na Soviet gwamnati. Da farko, sabon jirgin ruwa mai suna "Lena" (cewa shi aka yi nufi ga tafiya tsakanin Vladivostok da kuma bakin Lena River). The "Chelyuskin" da aka sake masa suna a kan Hauwa'u daga cikin shahararrun iyakacin duniya balaguro. Steamboat complied tare da duk mafi zamani ma'aunansa na lokacinsa. Its kawar da aka daidaita 7.5 dubu tons.

musamman manufa

Fice siffofin da cewa rarrabe icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ja hankalin na Soviet na iyakacin duniya mai bincike Otto Schmidt. Wannan geographer da lissafi mafarkin na mamaya da Arewa Sea Route - da hanya kai ga Pacific Ocean tare arewacin tekun na Eurasia. Schmidt ya shirye su yi wani abu da ya shirya. A 1932, ya kasance a kan jirgin "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" rinjãya a hanya daga White Sea zuwa Barents Sea.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" don wannan goyon baya da ya zama wata hanya ta ci gaba da gudanar da bincike nasara. Schmidt rinjayi Janar Directorate na Arewa Sea Route yi amfani da jirgin a cikin sabon gwaji tafiya. Matsalar shi ne cewa, duk da ta zamani waje, "Chelyuskin" ya da farko a kaya jirgin. Designers bai dace da shi ga matuƙa ta Kewaya ta cikin iyakacin duniya kankara iyakoki. Wannan ya kai ga wani nan gaba asarar da jirgin ruwa.

Shirya domin Your Tafiya

Buxe burin kari icebreaker "Chelyuskin" hurarre yawa masu goyon baya da suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu wajen nazarin Arewa. Duk da haka, a cikin m muryoyin busa istinbadi tambayoyi game da suitability daga cikin jirgin a nan gaba balaguro. Wata irin wannan shakka shi ne jirgin kyaftin, Vladimir Voronin. Bayan nazarin "Chelyuskin", ya ce kafin hukuma umurnin a yawan zane flaws. A Arewa Sea Route, duk da haka, da hankali biya zuwa gare su.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" saita kashe Agusta 2, 1933. Shiga jirgin ruwa a kan jirgin ruwan sun 112 mutane daga Murmansk. Wasu daga cikin su aka ba kai tsaye alaka da balaguro. Saboda haka, daya daga surveyors dauki kan jirgin ciki mata. The jirgin kanta da aka dauke cunkoson ababen hawa kamar yadda a kan jirgin sa ƙarin kaya, bincike seaplane kuma da dama prefabricated gidaje domin ƙauyuka a kan Wrangel Island.

A Kara Sea

Wucewa da mashigar Matochkin icebreaker "Semyon Chelyuskin" yana cikin Kara Sea, inda aka jiran na farko m kankara floes. Wadannan cikas ake shawo kan jirgin ruwan ba tare da wani matsaloli. Duk da haka, ya fi tsayi a balaguro tafi, da mutum da matukan jirgin da ya ci gaba da tafiya.

A Kara Sea, da jirgin ya zo a fadin wani babban hamada tsibirin, ba da aka jera a kan wani taswira. Nazarin sun dangana wannan bakon daidaituwa. The "sabon" Tsibirin juya ta zama wani tsibirin na sirri. Yana da aka bude a cikin XIX karni da kuma shan laya a 1915, wani balaguro Otto Sverdrupa. Sai ya juya daga cewa maps fita tsibirin ya kamar yadda 50 mil zuwa gabas da ta ainihin wuri. Kuskure ya yiwu domin sanin aiki a kan "Chelyuskin" falaki, surveyor Yakov Gakkel.

A halin yanzu, wata ganawa tare da m kankara ci gaba. A farko lalacewa shi ne cin hanci da rashawa na Stringer, bi da wani fashe firam. Remov m je sama tare da nasara zane na katako maras motsi, sauyawa daga m sassa, amma shi ba ya canja da cewa "Chelyuskin" ya kamata ba dole je Arctic bari shi kadai.

Don shigar da sabon sassa, da ƙungiya unloaded baka riƙe (shi Stores carbon). Wannan painstaking aiki ya yi duk abin da: masana kimiyya, matuƙan, magina da kuma manyan jami'an harkokin kasuwanci jirgin ruwa. Members na balaguro aka raba teams da kuma lokaci sun jimre da aiki. Daga baya, a lokacin hunturu a kan kankara, da manufa na kungiyar na aiki a m sake Chelyuskintsev.

fursunoni kankara

23 ga watan Satumba jirgin da aka gaba daya katange. M kankara kewaye da ɗaure shi da game da wannan wuri inda a shekara kafin tsaya jirgin "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

To isa matuƙar manufa na yaƙin neman zaɓe, da Wrangel Island, Schmidt iya ba. Yanzu icebreaker "Chelyuskin" balaguro ci gaba a cikin wani gaba ɗaya sabon yanayi. A jirgin da aka motsi zuwa gabas, tare da yin gantali Multi-shekara kankara. 4 ga watan Nuwamba da ya shiga cikin ruwan da Bering mashigar. A kankara da aka samun thinner, da ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa daga ƙungiya rabu da hanyar da dama kilomita. Yana da jũna da cewa hadari ceto ne makawa.

Ba da nisa daga "Chelyuskin" ya icebreaker "Litke". Kaptin miƙa don taimaka jirgin tserewa daga kankara kurkuku. Amma Otto Schmidt ki goyi bayan bege da cewa jirgin da kanta zai zama free. A wannan lokaci, da masanin kimiyyar sanya wani m kuskure, domin wadda daga ƙarshe ta biya kashe daukacin ma'aikatan da icebreaker "Chelyuskin".

Moody gantali canza ta shugabanci da kuma aiki da jirgin ruwan a gaban shugabanci na Arctic jeji. Ya gane ya gaffe Schmidt riga a kan kansa himma, nemi taimako na "Litke", amma ya yi latti. Yanzu da ƙungiya sa ran wintering a rasa kankara. Bugu da ƙari, na iyakacin duniya busa ƙararrawa - babu wanda zai iya vouch ga aminci da jirgi a cikin matsananci yanayi na Far Arewa. 13 Fabrairu 1934 da sabon jirgin ya gaske tafi zuwa kasa. The jiki sanadin mutuwar na icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ya da iko matsa lamba na kankara, watse ta wurin gefen hagu.

Fitarwa daga jirgin ruwa

A 'yan sa'o'i kafin denouement, a lõkacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa jirgin zai tafi zuwa kasa, da ya fara a gaggãwa fitarwa na mutane. The tawagar gudanar da canja wurin da suke kewaye da kankara na kayan aiki da kuma kayayyakin aiki. Wadannan abubuwa sun kasance isa ya haifar da akalla wasu wucin gadi sansani. A daya mutum ya mutu a lokacin da fitarwa. Shi a kan ban tausayi hadari murƙushe canjawa lodi.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", wanda tarihi ya ƙare a Karfe biyar, maraice da kuma bar a kan kankara 104 mutane. Daga cikinsu akwai yara biyu, ciki har da wani jariri ya na daya daga cikin surveyors. Kama daya a kan daya tare da wani m iyakacin duniya duniya, da ƙungiya a rana ta biyu ya wuce, a cikin babban birnin kasar na bala'i sako. Communication Chelyuskinites kafa a karkashin kulawar wani babban jami'in rediyo sadarwarka Krenkel. Mun gwada kusa, a Cape Wellen, located Coast tashar, wadda daukar kwayar cutar sako. Lokacin da Otto Schmidt, a shekara kafin abin da ke a gaggawa "Sibiryakov", ya samu kansa a cikin wani irin halin da ake ciki. Coastal tashoshin ba a can, da kuma dangane an kafa ta hanyar Crabber a Tekun Okhotsk.

sansanin rai

Samun kan a kan kankara floe, da ƙungiya unloaded daga jirgin ba kawai barci bags alfarwansu, amma kuma yi kayan. Da zarar kan gab da mutuwa nuna tawagar cohesion da kuma kungiyar, saboda haka cewa a sansanin gudanar ya kafa quite mai kyau rai. barikin da aka gina, a kitchen, kuma wata sigina hasumiya.

Daga farkon zamanin zaman ku a kan kankara ba katse bincike aikin. Kowace rana hydrologists da surveyors domin sanin ainihin wurin da sansanin. Gantali kankara bai daina, don haka ya zama dole a kai a kai lissafi da lura na wurin da kake. A saboda wannan dalili mai theodolite da sextant. A lokacin zaman mu a kan kankara na ƙungiya aka tsanani da rashin lafiya kawai Otto Schmidt, wanda aka samu ya ciwon huhu. Saboda da rashin lafiya na shugaban na balaguro da aka kwashe sansanonin ba daga karshe kuma 76th.

nema ƙungiya

A Moscow, ceton icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ko kuma wajen, da kumbura na duniya a kan ta occupants, aka caje gwamnati hukumar, karkashin jagorancin wani babban memba na jam'iyyar Valerian Kuibyshev. A rana ta farko bayan samun rahotanni na damuwa mambobi na gwamnatin da aka aiko zuwa arewa karfafa sakon waya. Duk da haka, har ma da na gaisuwa tabbaci na kwamitin tsakiya ba soke wahala na aiki.

Iyakacin duniya explorers kasance haka nisa cewa kawai hanyar ajiye su da aka yi amfani da jirgin sama. Cikin sauri zuwa Chukotka tafi zuwa ga mafi kyau Soviet matukan jirgi. Bambance-bambancen karatu na yin amfani da wani kare-seleji ko a gindin mika mulki da aka shafe kusan nan da nan. A ƙafãfunsu a kan fakitin kankara iyakacin duniya yini iya tafiya nesa da nisan kilomita 10. A irin wannan sauyin da navigator Valerian Albanova a kan Franz Josef Land, abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1914, daga tawagar na goma sha huɗu mutane tsira biyu kawai.

Agaji daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin na icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ya na musamman da aiki, idan kawai saboda cewa babu Arctic jirgin sama bai wanzu, ba kawai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet amma kuma a kowace kasa a duniya. Daga cikin na farko matukan jirgin sun fara nemo Schmidt da mutanensa tabbatar da matukin jirgi Anatoly Liapidevskii. Kafin ka karshe sami Chelyuskinites, Aviator sanya 28 gaza yunkurin nemo dole sarari. Kawai sau 29, 5 Maris 1934, Liapidevskii lura a kasa na farko seaplane, sa'an nan mutanen da ke kewaye da shi.

Yanzu, lokacin da aka gano wurin da sunk icebreaker "Chelyuskin", da fitarwa samu a karkashin hanya. Ant-4 Lyapidevsky dauki kan jirgin duk da mata da yara (12) da kuma aiko da su zuwa ga mafi kusa kauye. Duk da haka, bayan na farko nasarar da aka bi ta farko gazawar. M ceto jirgin sama engine, bayan da aiki ne stalled.

A amfani da jirgin sama a wannan, duk da haka, ba iyaka. Don arewa mun tafi airships. Yana kuma yi kokarin karya Chelyuskintsev icebreaker "Krasin" da kuma goyon bayan ATVs. Duk da haka, shi ne jirgin sama sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga nasara sakamako na iyakacin duniya saga. All watanni biyu na rayuwa a cikin kankara na mazaunan sansanin da aka tsunduma a cewa suna shirye don yin nemi su hadahada jirgin sama. Kowace rana, da maza a canjawa share runways, ba rasa bege komawa gida.

ci gaba ceto

Ja Chelyuskinites na kankara kurkuku koma a kan 7 ga watan Afrilu. Yanzu a cikin aiki da hannu da dama shahara matuka. Michael Vodopianov daga baya su fafata a aika explorers da farko rugujewa tashar "Arewa iyakacin duniya-1", da kuma Nicholas Kamanin zama shugaban farko na tawagar Soviet cosmonauts. Yana yana daga cikin ma'aikatan ceto da kuma sauran almara matukan jirgin: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Wani matukin jirgi, Sigismund Levanevsky, ya yi hadari - ya ma samu da kuma ceto.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", wanda tarihi ya kasance cike da irin waɗannan labaru, ya cancanci a lokacin farin ciki labari ko tsada allo adaptations, ya zama daya daga cikin manyan haruffa a lokacinsa. Wannan sunan ya zama hade da unyielding ruhu da kuma ƙarfin hali na wadanda suka yi taimaka wa mutane su koma gida. Kama a tarko a iyakacin duniya kankara ƙungiya ketare a Vankarem - kananan Chuckchee sansanin, wanda ya zama cibiyar duk da aikin ceto.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa mutane da dama daga cikin jirgin ruwan, ta amfani da tsira seaplane don isa yaba burin kadai. Šauki da rasa parking bar kyaftin wreck Vladimir Voronin. Afrilu 13 ya kasance a Vankarem. Kwanakin karshe na aiki da ya faru a cikin wani ƙara m halin da ake ciki - Icefield hankali hallaka. Kashegari bayan da ceto Voronin iko hadari halaka ta wucin gadi sansanin.

makõma take

A lokacin da ceto matukan jirgin da kuma kansa icebreaker "Chelyuskin", wanda ya samu wani photo na duk Soviet da kuma da yawa duniya jaridu, su ne cibiyar da hankali na miliyoyin mutane. Jubilation a nasara sakamako daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo ya na iyakacin duniya a kasar. Ni'ima daga talakawa mutane na iya zama da sauƙi bayyana: kome irin wannan a cikin tarihi na duniya jirgin sama da kuma kewayawa ya faru ba tukuna.

Dauki bangare a cikin fitarwa Chelyuskinites matukan jirgi kasance na farko da Heroes na Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan mafi jihar lambar yabo da aka kafa a kan Hauwa'u na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Far Arewa. Ya karbi Order of Lenin da biyu Amirkawa (William Le Verrier da Klayd Armsted), wanda ya kula da shigo da jirgin sama, procured musamman domin ceto 'ƙungiya bayyana a gefen mutuwa. Mahalarta sun kankara almara da Murna taron a Moscow. All manya Chelyuskintsev tsira da m hunturu, bayar da agaji ta Red Banner.

afterword

A mutuwa daga jirgin sa Soviet jagorancin su canza hali zuwa iyakacin duniya gudanar da bincike. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Moscow, Schmidt ya sanar da ci daga Arewa Sea Route. Duk da haka, da yawa waje masana dauke da sakamakon balaguro ba haka Rosy. Ko ta wani hanya, amma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Chelyuskinskaya kwarewa an koya. Tun lokacin da yisti fara girma da rundunar icebreakers. Yanzu da jirgin ruwa kowane lokaci tare da saba kaya jiragen ruwa da zai iya ba da kansa sa masa hanya a iyakacin duniya hamada.

da dama yunkurin samun almara sunken "Chelyuskin" A lokacin Soviet zamanin. Biyu daga cikin wadannan search expeditions aka shirya a shekarar 1970. More m mahalarta da yaƙin neman zaɓe a shekara ta 2006, wanda ya taimaka gudanar da gwamnati da Chukotka cin gashin kanta District, hedkwatar Navy da kuma Rasha Academy of Sciences. Masana sun iya tada daga seabed wasu sassa na jirgin. Wadannan kayayyakin gargajiya da aka aika zuwa Copenhagen, inda ya zarar gina da kuma "Chelyuskin". Bayan dubawa samun iska grille, da masana zo ga ƙarshe cewa da gaske nasa ne da wreck.