Animals a cikin ƙasa. ƙasa mazaunan da kuma karbuwa da yanayi

Duniyar mu kafa hudu main bawo: yanayi, hydrosphere, biosphere da lithosphere. Dukan su suna a hankali juna kamar yadda wakilan biospheric duniya daina kai hare hare - dabbobi, shuke-shuke, kwayoyin - ba zai iya zama ba tare da kafa abubuwa irin ruwa da oxygen.

Kazalika da lithosphere, ƙasa murfin kuma sauran zurfin yadudduka, ba zai iya zama a cikin kadaici. Duk da cewa ba za mu iya ganin shi da ido tsirara, kasar gona da aka lugar sosai densely. Wanne ne kawai halittu masu rai a cikinsa ba ya zama! Kamar kowane rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, suka kuma bukatar ruwa da kuma iska.

Abin da dabbobi rayuwa a cikin ƙasa? Ta yaya suka shafi da samuwar da kuma yadda za a daidaita wannan yanayi? A wadannan da sauran tambayoyi da muke kokarin amsa a wannan labarin.

Mene ne ƙasa?

Gona - da shi ne kawai marinjãya, sosai m Layer da ke cikin lithosphere. Tana da zurfi da ke kewaye da 1-1.5 m. Sa'an nan ya fara wani mabanbanta Layer a cikin abin da ya kwarara ruwan karkashin kasa.

Wannan ne, da na sama m Layer na kasar gona - shi ne sosai mazaunin daban-daban siffofi, masu girma dabam da kuma hanyoyin da abinci kwayoyin da kuma shuke-shuke. Gona ne mazauninsu na dabbobi ne sosai arziki da kuma bambancin.

Wannan tsarin na lithosphere dabam. Formation na kasar gona Layer dogara a kan al'amurra da dama, da farko a kan yanayi na yanayi da muhalli. Saboda haka, iri gona (topsoil) ma ya bambanta:

1. Podzolic da sod-podzolic.
2. Black duniya.
3. Sod.
4. Fadama.
5. Podzolic-fadama.
6. Malts.
7. Floodplain.
8. Gishiri Marshes.
9. Gray gandun daji-steppe.
10. Gishiri licks.

Wannan rarrabuwa ne ba kawai ga yankin na Rasha. A wasu kasashe, nahiyoyi, sassan duniya akwai sauran iri kasa (yashi, lãka, Arctic tundra, humus, kuma haka a).

Har ila yau, duk na kasar gona bambanta a sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da danshi da kuma iska jikewa. Wadannan Manuniya bambanta da kuma dogara a kan wani yawan yanayi (misali, shi rinjayar da dabbobi a cikin ƙasa, wanda za a tattauna a kasa).

Ta yaya ne gona da kuma wanda ya taimaka musu a cikin wannan?

The asalin kasar gona kai tun bayyanar rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu. Shi ne da samuwar rayuwa da kuma tsarin fara wani jinkirin, m samuwar kuma kai-sabuntawar gona substrates.

Bisa ga wannan fili, da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta taka rawa a ƙasa samuwar. Mene ne wannan? Amma, wannan rawa da aka iyakance ga aiki na Organic abubuwa dauke a cikin ƙasa, kuma ta enrichment tare da ma'adinai abubuwa. Shi ne kuma loosening da kuma inganta aeration. Very mai kyau game da shi a 1763, ya rubuta M. V. Lomonosov. Shi ne ya yi farko da shawarar da sanarwa cewa, kasar gona da aka kafa saboda mutuwar halittu masu rai.

Bugu da kari ga ayyukan dauki a kan dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke a cikin ƙasa a farfajiya, mai matukar muhimmanci factor a cikin samuwar topsoil ne dutse. Shi ne daga iri za kullum dogara ne a kan irin gona.

Kuma taka rawar da abiotic dalilai :

• haske.
• zafi.
• zazzabi.

A sakamakon haka, da kankara ake sarrafa ƙarƙashin rinjayar abiotic dalilai, kuma mai rai kwayoyin a cikin ƙasa decompose dabba da shuka ya zauna, tana mayar kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin ma'adinai. Wannan results a cikin wani Layer na tati irin. A wannan yanayin, da dabbobi da cewa rayuwa karkashin kasa (misali, tsutsotsi, nematodes, moles) samar da aeration, watau, oxygen jikewa. Wannan yana cika ta hanyar loosening da kuma ci gaba da aiki da ƙasa barbashi.

Dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke tare ba da ƙasa kwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin, protozoa, kuma unicellular fungi algae kayan da aka sarrafa da kuma tuba a cikin da ake so nau'i na ma'adinai abubuwa. Tsutsotsi, nematodes da kuma sauran dabbobi sake wuce ta hanyar gona barbashi, game da shi, ya kafa wani Organic taki - vermicompost.

A ƙarshe shi ne cewa kasa aka kafa daga kankara a sakamakon wani dogon tarihi lokaci a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abiotic dalilai da taimako bayar da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da cewa rayuwa a cikin su.

Ƙasa ganuwa duniya

A babbar rawar ba kawai a cikin samuwar gona, amma kuma a cikin rayuwar dukkan sauran halittu masu rai wasa a kananan halittu da samar da cikkaken ganuwa duniya na kasar gona. Wa zai sun hada da?

Da farko, da guda-celled algae, kuma fungi. Namomin kaza za a iya gano Chytridiomycetes sassan, Deuteromycetes da kuma wasu wakilan da Zygomycetes. Tsiren ruwan teku ya kamata a lura fitoedafonov wakiltar kore da kuma blue-kore algae. A total nauyi daga wadannan halittu a ranar 1 kadada na ƙasa ne game 3100 kg.

Abu na biyu, da yawa micro-kwayoyin, kwayoyin da wadannan dabbobi a cikin ƙasa, kamar yadda mafi sauki. A total taro na rayuwa tsarin on 1 ha na ƙasa ne game 3100 kg. Babban muhimmancin guda-celled kwayoyin an rage zuwa aiki da kuma bazuwar kwayoyin sharan na shuka da dabbobi asalin.

Mafi na kowa daga wadannan kwayoyin sun hada da:

• rotifers.
• mites.
• amoeba.
• centipedes symphyla.
• ProTour.
• springtails.
• diplura.
• blue-kore algae.
• kore unicellular algae.

Abin da dabbobi rayuwa a cikin ƙasa?

Don mazaunan ƙasa kwaro ne da wadannan:

1. Kananan crustaceans (Crustacea) - game da 40 kg / ha
2. Kwari da su larvae - 1000 kg / ha
3. Nematodes da roundworms - 550 kg / ha
4. Katantanwa da slugs - 40 kg / ha

Irin wannan dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, suna da muhimmanci sosai. Da darajar da aka ƙaddara da ikon wuce ta gona lumps da saturate su da kwayoyin abubuwa, kafa vermicompost. Rawar da suka taka shi ne zuwa loosening kasar gona, inganta da oxygen jikewa da kuma samar da voids wanda suna cike da iska da ruwa, sa'an nan inganta inganci da takin gargajiya na babba ƙasa Layer.

Ka yi la'akari da abin da dabbobi rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. Su za a iya raba iri biyu:

• m mazauna.
• dan lokaci rai.

Domin m mazauna vertebrate dabbobi masu shayarwa, wakiltar dabba duniya na kasar gona, suna mole berayen, mole voles, zokor da marsupial moles. Su duk da muhimmancin shi ne don kula da samar da kayayyaki, domin suna da cikakken kwari ƙasa, katantanwa, clams, slugs, da sauransu. Kuma na biyu ma'anar - An digging da tsawo da kuma Tuddan wurare, kyale cikin ƙasa wetted da wadãtar da oxygen.

Wucin gadi mazaunan, wakiltar fauna daga cikin gona, yin amfani da shi kawai don wani taƙaitaccen tsari, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a matsayin wani wuri don sa su larvae da kuma ajiya. Wadannan dabbobi sun hada da:

• jerboa.
• squirrels.
• badgers.
• beetles.
• kyankyasai.
• sauran hakori.

Adaptations ƙasa mazaunan

Don rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayi da wuya, cikin gona, da dabbobi dole ne a yawan musamman adaptations. Bayan duk na jiki halaye na matsakaici kauri, m kuma malokislorodnaya. Bugu da kari, akwai cikakken haske ba, ko da yake akwai wata matsakaici yawan ruwa. Babu shakka za ka bukatar ka iya daidaita da irin wannan yanayi.

Saboda haka, dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa a kan lokaci (a cikin shakka daga juyin matakai) sun samu cikin wadannan siffofin:

• musamman lafiya masu girma dabam cika kankanin sarari tsakanin kasar gona barbashi kansu akwai kuma dadi Feel (kwayoyin cuta, protozoa, kwayoyin, rotifers, crustaceans).
• m jiki da kuma karfi sosai musculature - Amfanin ga motsi a cikin ƙasa (da segmented zagaye tsutsotsi).
• ikon sha oxygen narkewa a cikin ruwa, ko numfashi a ko'ina cikin jiki surface (kwayoyin cuta, nematodes).
• rai sake zagayowar kunsha na larval mataki, a lokacin da bukatar ba hasken kuma danshi, kuma ikon (kwaro larvae, daban-daban beetles).
• ya fi girma dabbobi suna da adaptations a cikin nau'i na iko kamar bĩga wata gabar jiki da karfi fika yi shi da sauki karya ta dade da Tuddan Tunnels karkashin kasa (moles, shrews, badgers da sauransu).
• a dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da raya ji na wari amma kusan ba ya nan hangen nesa (moles zokor, mole berayen, spepushonki).
• streamlined jiki siffar, wani m, matsa, tare da m-cancantar short m Jawo.

Duk wadannan na'urorin samar da kyakkyawan yanayi don haka da cewa dabbobi a cikin ƙasa ji ba muni fiye da wadanda cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa-iska muhalli, kuma watakila ma mafi alhẽri.

Da muhimmancin da muhalli kungiyoyin na ƙasa mazaunan a cikin yanayi

Babban muhalli kungiyoyin na ƙasa mazaunan dauke su:

1. Geobionty. Wakilai na wannan kungiyar - ne dabbobi don wanda gona ne m zamanka. Ba sai an fada duk na rayuwarsu sake zagayowar a tare da tare da asali m tafiyar matakai. Misalai: earthworm, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. Wannan kungiyar hada da dabbobi da abin da cikin ƙasa substrate dauri a lokacin daya daga cikin bulan ta rayuwa sake zagayowar. Ga misali: da pupae na kwari, da fãra, da yawa beetles, weevils, sauro.
3. Geox. Environmental rukuni na dabbobi don wanda gona - wucin gadi mafaka,, da wani wuri na kwanciya da kuma kiwo. Misalai: Mutane da yawa beetles, kwari, duk kamar bĩga dabbobi.

The tarin dukan dabbobi a kowane rukuni ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na] aukacin samar sarkar. Bugu da kari, su ikon zama kayyade ingancin da ƙasa, su samoobnovlyaemost da haihuwa. Saboda haka, rawar da suka taka da muhimmanci sosai, musamman a duniya a yau, inda noma da sa gona girma matalauta, leached da salting daga ƙarƙashin rinjayar sinadarin hada takin zamani, kashe qwari da kuma herbicides. Animals ƙasa taimakawa wajen mafi m da na halitta farfadowa daga m Layer bayan tsanani inji da kuma sinadaran kai hare-hare a kan wani ɓangare na mutum.

Sadarwa na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma ƙasa

Ba wai kawai cikin ƙasa dabbobi suna juna ta samar da wata na kowa biocenosis tare da su samar da kayayyaki da kuma muhalli maharibai. A gaskiya, duk da data kasance shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da micro-kwayoyin da hannu a cikin wannan da'irar rayuwa. Duk da haka dai, kamar yadda suka ba da labari ga duk wuraren. A nan ne mai sauki misali domin ya nuna wannan dangantaka.

Grass natsuwa da filayen ne abinci domin nazarin sasannin dabbobi. Wadanda, bi da bi, bauta a matsayin abinci source for yara. Zauna da ciyawa da kuma Organic abubuwa da aka samu daga sharar kayayyakin da dukan dabbobi, a cikin ƙasa. A nan, a cikin hanyar yarda da kwayoyin da kwari, wadda ne detritus. Su ne duk saurã daga bazu da tuba a cikin ma'adanai, dace da sha da shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, shuke-shuke suna samun zama dole aka gyara domin ci gaba da kuma ci gaba.

A mafi kasa a wannan micro-kwayoyin da kwari, rotifers, beetles, larvae, tsutsotsi kuma haka a zama abinci ga juna, ya kuma inganta janar na dukan wadata sadarwa.

Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma shuke-shuke da cewa rayuwa a farfajiya, da na kowa batu na rarrabawa, da kuma hulɗa tare da juna ta samar da wata guda janar jituwa da ikon halitta.

Poor kasa da mazauna

Kira matalauta ƙasa, wanda akai-akai fallasa da mutum. Yi, girma amfanin gona, magudanun ruwa, ƙasar reclamation - duk wannan yana yiwuwa take kaiwa zuwa impoverishment na kasar gona. Abin da mazaunan ne iya tsira a irin wannan yanayi? Abin baƙin ciki, mutane da yawa ba. A mafi wanzuwa karkashin kasa da mazaunan ne kwayoyin cuta, wasu protozoans, kwari kuma su larvae. Dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsutsotsi, nematodes, da fãra, da gizo-gizo, crustaceans a cikin wadannan kasa ba zai iya tsira, don haka suka mutu ko barin.

Koma zuwa matalauta ƙasa, a cikin abin da a low abun ciki na Organic da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa. Alal misali, canjawa Sands. Wannan shi ne na musamman yanayi a cikin abin da wasu kwayoyin rayuwa tare da su na'urorin. Ko, misali, karfi da acidic kuma Saline kasa ma dauke da kawai takamaiman mazaunan.

A binciken da na gona da dabbobi a cikin makaranta

School of ilmin dabbobi shakka ba ya samar don nazarin gona da dabbobi a raba darasi. Mafi sau da yawa, yana da kawai wani bayyani, a cikin mahallin da jigo.

Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan makaranta akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin "a waje duniya". Animals a cikin ƙasa suna karatu a cikin tsarin wannan batu a cikin babban daki-daki. A bayanin da aka gabatar a cewar yana da shekaru yara. Kids magana game da bambancin, rawa a yanayi da mutum tattalin arziki aiki, taka leda da dabbobi a cikin ƙasa. 3 horo aji - mafi dace da wannan zamani. Yara ne masu ilimi isa ya koyi wasu terminology, kuma ta haka ne da mafi kishin ilimi, da sanin kewaye, da nazarin yanayi da mazaunanta.

Babban abu ne yin darussan da ban sha'awa, wadanda ba misali, kazalika da m, sa'an nan da yara za su jiƙa har ilmi kamar soso, ciki har da game da mazaunan kasar gona yanayi.

Misalai na dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa yanayi

Iya haifar da wani short jerin, wanda ya nuna babban ƙasa mazaunan. Hakika, yin shi cikakken kasa, saboda akwai da yawa! Duk da haka, babban wakilan kokarin kiran.

Animals gona - jerin:

• rotifers, mites, kwayoyin, protozoa, kuma crustaceans.
• gizo-gizo, fara ne kawai, kwari, beetles, millipedes, woodlice, slugs, katantanwa.
• earthworm, nematodes da sauran roundworms.
• moles, mole berayen, mole voles, zokor.
• jerboa, gophers, badgers, beraye, chipmunks.