Cosmology - a ... reshe na ilmin taurari da cewa karatu da kaddarorin da kuma ci gaba na duniya

Ilmin taurari - a paradoxical kimiyya da cewa Adam ya halitta kamar yadda idan ya duk da kansa. Yana damar mu via lura da lissafin zahiri kowace rana, ku aikata dukan sabon binciken, kuma suka yi mana gane cewa ba mu san babu abin da game da sararin samaniya, da taurari da kuma ko da taurari mafi kusa ga hasken rana tsarin. Yau, akwai fannoni daban daban na ilmin taurari, tsakanin wanda babban wadanda suke da wadannan: galactic da extragalactic ilmin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi, taurari, astrophysics, exobiology, astrochemistry da cosmology. Cikakken shawara ya latest kimiyya, mu yanzu juya.

Ma'ana

A kimiyya mahallin na cosmology - da kimiyya na manyan-sikelin binciken na sararin samaniya. Tushensa shi ne ainihin ka'idar da dabarbari na ilmin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi. Yafi a cikin tsarin na kimiyya an yi karatu da abun da ke ciki na sararin duniya, da tsarin, shekaru da kuma ci gaba tun da aka kafa ta. A mafi fadi ji cosmology - rabo daga astronomical lura, samu for daban-daban lokaci, da kuma ka'idar dangantakar, wanda ya ba da duniya Albert Einstein. Shi ne ta hanyar wannan jiki samu a cikin farkon karni na 20th cosmology ya zama mai raba kimiyya, madaidaici, dangane da dabarbari da Figures. Har a wannan lokaci da aka dauke shi a irin ephemeral bangare na falsafa, da kuma saboda duniya da aka ba sani tsanani.

Biyu makarantu - daya ka'idar

Yanzu cosmology matsayin kimiyya da shi ya kasu kashi biyu rassan, kazalika da masana kimiyya wadanda suka ta da wakilan. Empiricists a gudanar da aikin tushen kawai a kan lura da wani sarari suKe jikin da al'amarin. Ba su haifar da daban-daban model na sauran hakikar a Duniya, domin sun yi imani da cewa duk abin da sakamakon, yana da nisa daga gaskiya. Theorists, a akasin haka, su ne lissafin, sakamakon daban-daban karatu. Dalili na aikin iya karya a wasu model gini sarari rabo, mai baki rami ko wasu abu. Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa cosmology - da kimiyya da karatu sararin samaniya, da kuma a cikin m sharuddan, kuma a ka'idar. Duka makarantun da ya dauka da janar ra'ayi - Big Bang Theory. A daidai da shi, da dukan sararin samaniya da kuma lokacin da ya samo asali daga zarar zafi sosai, kuma m al'amarin. A bambanci ga shi akwai wani biyu, kasa shahara, amma ba bã tãre da ma'anar ka'idar. Ta ce ta cewa duniya - dindindin naúrar, wanda ba shi da farko ko karshe, ko da kafuwarta na fall.

A data a kan abin da kimiyya

Akwai shida ka'idodi na duniya, wanda ake amfani da cosmology:

• Space ne isotropic. Wannan yana nufin cewa dukan abubuwa a cikin sarari - taurari da kuma asteroids da kuma taurari da kuma baki ramuka - matsawa erratically, daga wani tsari, da kuma cosmology nazarin daidai da wannan yunkuri. A wasu wurare da za su tara da kuma samar da wani gurbata sarari yankin, matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki. A wasu, a akasin haka, to dissipate, rarefying sarari zuwa m.
• Constant fadada daga cikin iyakoki. Yafi cosmology karatu juyin halitta daga cikin sararin samaniya, da kuma wannan tsari, za mu iya ce, ke faruwa dama da idanunmu. All sarari abubuwa, da kuma musamman taurari suna motsi daga juna. A mafi girma da zabin, cikin sauri da karuwa da nesa.
• Space kewaye wannan duniya tamu, da kuma isotropic. Wannan ya nuna cewa a duniya, kazalika da ta kewayewa - talakawa bangare na sararin duniya cewa tsarin zai bambanta kadan daga, ka ce, yankunan kusa da duniya Kepler-36B.
• Bisa ga ka'idar Big Bang, da shekaru na Duniya, duk da asteroids, da taurari, taurari da sararin samaniya da kanta game da wannan. Ana zargin al'amari, masu bincike na nutsa cikin karni game da biliyan 20 years old, yayin da mafi tsufa taurari sun kasance game da shekaru biliyan 15 da suka wuce. Inda manyan lambobin kai mu ga archaeologists, wanda tono har da kwarangwal na giant dabbobi masu rarrafe. A cewar wadannan bayanai, shi dai itace cewa da Duniya ya bayyana a baya fiye da duk kwayoyin halitta a cikin halittu. A gaskiya, masana kimiyya sun dogon underestimated da sigogi na nesa tsakanin taurari. More kwanan nan kimomi bayar da shawarar cewa sararin duniya iyaka cikin sharuddan sararin samaniya da kuma cikin sharuddan lokaci.
• Asirin da Universe, wanda shi ne babba, kafe a cikin karami barbashi - kwayoyin halitta. Kamar yadda muka ce a sama, wani sarari ne m to baya sashe a kan tsarin, wanda da masu bincike sun iya yin lissafi. A 10 hydrogen atoms da daya helium zarra.
• Gaskiyar cewa, a maimakon haka, ya tabbatar da daidaitar da ka'idar da m fadada daga cikin talikai ne da cewa a wata babbar nesa daga SS yafi quasars, wanda ya zauna more aiki rayuwarsu.

A cosmological model na sararin samaniya

A takaice dai tarihi na duniya na aiwatuwa a cikin shahararrun Big Bang Theory. Ta aka haife godiya ga Einstein ta janar ka'idar dangantakar, wanda shi ne tushen Masana ilmin aukuwa cewa dimbin yawa da model na fadada al'amarin. Wannan version aka tabbatar bayan da masanin kimiyyar Hubble juxtaposed nesa tsakanin taurari da kuma gudun da suke motsa daga juna. The uku tabbaci bi ta G. Gamow, wanda ya gano cosmic obin na lantarki bango radiation. Wannan ne bango sabon abu samu a dukkan sassan duniya da yake kamar "amsa kuwwa" na da shekaru na fashewa.

M zazzabi Bang

Code kokarin bayyana wa yara yadda za halittu zo, ya ce cewa ya kasance a baya ba fiye da wani fis, amma shi ya yiwuwa yi da kuma yawan zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba a cikinsa. A gaskiya, a takaice dai tarihi na duniya ne ba yawa daban-daban daga wannan wasan yara model. Age na mu kewaye duniya daidaita zuwa biliyan 20. Years. A lokacin da sararin samaniya da aka sani kawai nufi, da matsa lamba a cikinta akwai 10 ^{zuwa 90} kg / cm ^3. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, nauyi ya haifar. Af, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa lokaci ne ba wani abu daban, ko kuma na musamman. Nauyi - wannan shi ne wani murdiya na sarari, wanda shi ne saboda da yawa daga al'amarin. Wannan ya bayyana cewa wani m cosmic jikinsu m yanayi (albeit kadan), da kuma iskar gas. Kuma da taurari ba su da wannan filin. Saboda haka, domin ƙarni halittu kumbura, forming wani takamaiman gravitational filin.

matsaloli na cosmology

Bisa manufar da Big Bang da aka gina da kuma madadin model na gaskiya, wanda, bisa manufa, shi ne wani muni fiye da asali. Jigon wannan rikici ya ta'allaka ne da cewa da singularity na sarari a lokacin haihuwa, shi ne isotropic a cikin wannan - shi ne mai ka'idar cewa za a iya tsara a kan tushen da SS binciken. Waje da falakinsu da taurari sani a gare mu quite yanayi daban-daban wanda bazai isotropic. Masana kimiyya sun deduced a kan tushen da uku matsaloli na cosmology, wanda ya zuwa yanzu ba za a iya warware, amma da suka samar da abinci ga kara tunani da kuma gudanar da bincike. Kasa, za mu yi la'akari da su a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Jihar singularity

Yana da wani yanayin da cewa an yi ĩmãni da yawa ya zama muhimmi a cikin al'amarin ya fara a farkon watan Mayu kawai zama almarar kimiyya. M yawa, murdiya na sarari da kuma lokaci, baba misali yanayin zafi - duk lasafta a cikin terrestrial yanayi a kan takarda, amma ko da a cikin dada wadannan gwaje-gwajen kasa. Saboda babban matsala na cosmology - mai kin amincewa da singularity na duniya a lokacin da aka kafa ta. Mafi m, masomin wani daban-daban jihar al'amarin.

A rashin isotropy

Theorists yi imani da cewa duk da sarari a yi kama sarari, amma kwarewa ya nuna cewa shi ne, ba. Bincika cikin zurfin na duniya show cewa a wuri guda akwai wani m tari na yawan taurari a wani komai a sarari. Hakika, da yawa daga al'amarin a duka sarari yanki bazai guda. Saboda haka muna iya cewa Universe ne anisotropic, kuma ta sinadaran abun da ke ciki shi ne ba iri daya ba a ko'ina.

An Rufe ko bude sarari?

Yanzu ga masu bincike asiran da suke duniya ƙarya a cikin kananan sassa, wanda dole ne yanke shawara da sakamako. Yana lasafta da talakawan yawa na al'amarin, da kuma idan a sakamakon shi zai ƙetare m matakin, da sarari za a matsa, kuma a maimakon mu da wani fashewa da auduga. Idan yawa ne m fiye da matakin da iyaka, to sararin samaniya za su fadada illa ma sha Allahu, kuma da su domin auna sarari, juz'i, kuma lokaci ne kawai ba na gaskiya ba.

Wani model na asalin da kuma juyin halitta daga cikin Universe

Kimiyya cosmology - wani yanki na ilimi a wanda a zahiri kowace rana sabon binciken da aka yi, theories ake generated, wanda kowannensu yana da plausible da idon basira. Bugu da kari akwai wani da aka sani ra'ayi Bang ake kira ka'idar jeri na bangaren ko hulda da al'amarin, kuma antimatter. An yi imani da cewa cosmic obin na lantarki bango radiation a sarari ne ko da yaushe ana haife kuma ci gaba da fito fili saboda da hulda da al'amarin, kuma antimatter. Wadannan biyu abubuwa ne da nisa daga kasancewa kan daidai gabãtarwar a sarari. Al'amarin shine duk game da abin da muka sani. Antimatter wanzu ne kawai ga mutanen da a cikin lissafin. Yana yi wa yi imani da cewa a cikin goma na farko da dakika na wanzuwar duniya akwai wata gazawar da fasali, a cikin abin da antiparticles sun kasance a cikin 'yan tsirarun, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da barbashi, da kuma dalilin shi ne ba a sani ba.

afterword

Cosmology - wani yanki na ilimi cewa karatu sararin samaniya a matsayin dukan. Wannan msar tambayar kimiyya da cewa zai iya Azancin bayyana daban-daban mamaki a cikin halittu, ya baratar da wannan ko motsi na taurari da kuma taurari.