Dutsen Rushmore. Shugabannin kan Dutsen Rushmore

Dutsen Rushmore ne da nisa da daya daga cikin mafi shahara da kuma rare jan hankali na United States of America. Bisa kididdigar da, a kowace shekara da National Memorial da aka ziyarci by game da uku da miliyan yawon bude ido daga daban-daban birane da kuma kasashe. Don waɗanda suke Amirkawa giant dutse Bas zama wata alama ce reminiscent na akida, a kan abin da aka halitta su a jihar.

Town Dutsen Rushmore

Hakika, mutane da yawa suna sane da wanzuwar dũtsen da giant sculptures. Amma a nan an inda ne Dutsen Rushmore? A tunawa aka located a kan ƙasa na Amurka Jihar South Dakota, kusa da birnin Kingston. Wannan giant Bas-taimako da aka sassaka a kan wani dutse dutse a kan dutse massif na Black Hills.

Wasu tarihin asali game da yankin

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kafin a fara da mulkin mallaka na American yankuna da dutsen iyaka da kewaye ƙasar mallakar Indiyawan Lakota. A 1868, {asar Amirka har yarjejeniya tare da mutanen dake wurin, bisa ga abin da ƙasar zauna a cikin mallaki Indiyawan. Amma a 1874 zinariya da aka gano a nan, bayan da gwamnatin kasar ta bukaci a resettle 'yan asalin mutane a cikin ajiyar. Saboda haka, a 1876, mai girma Sioux War, wanda ƙare tare da shan kashi na Indiyawan.

Inda ya aikata sunan dutsen?

A wani lokaci a lokacin da masu wadannan ƙasashe sun Indians, dutsen sa wani sunan - Shida ubanninku na farko. Amma a 1885 sanannen kasuwan Amurka Charles Rushmore zo a cikin wannan yanki tare da balaguro.

A 1930, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar sake sunan dutsen mai suna bayan ta shahara forwarder - wannan shi Dutsen Rushmore a Amurka. Af, Mr. Rushmore da zarar gano biyar dala dubu don ƙirƙirar wani sassaka. Duk da yake irin wannan kyauta da aka dauke kawai saran.

Yadda ya yi da ra'ayin samar da wani abin tunawa?

A gaskiya, da ra'ayin samar da irin wannan abin tunawa ne ba sabon. Alal misali, a 1849, Sanata Thomas Hart Benton da shawarar yin wata babbar sassaka Hristofora Kolumba a cikin ƙasa na Rocky Mountains.

Duk da haka, mahaifin shahararren Dutsen Rushmore aka dauke tarihi Doane Robinson. Shi ne ya yi a shekarar 1923 sanya wani tsari don buga 'yan monumental sculptures a dutsen massif don jawo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa. Hakika, ya ra'ayi da jũna kadan daban, kamar yadda ya kawo shawara su nuna heroes na Wild West.

Ya ra'ayin tarihi shared tare da mashahuri sculptor Hudson Borglum. Kuma riga a 1924, sai suka tafi tare, don gano da Black Hills yankin. Duk da haka, Borglum ya amince ya jagoranci aikin kawai idan mutane a kan Dutsen Rushmore ne ba kawai janye da kuma wata alama ce da halittar wani babban jihar. Da aka zaɓa da mutum ya kamata a yi darajar domin kowane mazauni a kasar. Saboda haka Dutsen Rushmore jihohin da su "fuska." Af, da tattaunawa game da zabi na sanannun Figures na dogon lokaci.

Dutsen Rushmore: shugabanni da rawar da suka taka a ci gaban jihar

Kowace daga cikin 'yan siyasa, da bayyanar da abin da aka sassaka a cikin dutse, a lokacin mulkinsa ya iya ba kawai bar wata alama a tarihi, amma kuma sa ƙasar mafi karfi.

Alal misali, shugaban farko Dzhordzh Vashington ne daya daga cikin mafi wurin hutawa Figures a tarihin jihar. Bayan duk, shi ne wanda ya jagoranci gwagwarmaya yankunan Amirka da Birtaniya ayyana yaki. Sun fi mayar saboda sabon kasar samu 'yancin kai haka ake so. Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Washington aza harsashin ginin don ci gaban American dimokuradiyya. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa shi ne fuskarsa ne mafi muhimmanci adadi a kan dutse.

Na biyu sassaka ne fuskar Thomas Jefferson, na uku da shugaban kasar Amurka da kuma marubucin na jawabi na Independence. Bugu da kari, a zamanin mulkin da shugaban kasar yanki ya ƙara kusan sau biyu. Alal misali, a 1803 ya sayi Louisiana sa'an nan ya koma da jihohi da dama.

Babu kasa da aka sani da Abraham Lincoln - sha shida shugaban na Amurka. Da ayyuka a jihar ba za a iya overestimated, tun da shi ne ya ke fara yaki ga abolition na bauta a cikin ƙasa na Amirka. Bugu da ƙari, wannan mutum ya iya mayar da hadin kan kasar da bayan wani tsanani yakin basasa.

A karshe aka zaba Teodor Ruzvelt, wanda a ko'ina ya aiki ya fama da babban monopolies, kokarin m hakkokin da aiki aji, amma kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aiwatar da aikin domin gina da Panama Canal.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da shugabannin su a Dutsen Rushmore gaske gudanar ya bar wani kafu daram alama a cikin tarihi na duniya amma a cikin zuciyata na kowane American.

Yadda aka gina aiki?

A gaskiya, halittar irin wannan babban abin tunawa ake bukata ba kawai babban fasaha da kuma kwarewa, amma kuma wasu} ir} a yi masana'antu. Bayan duk, da tsawon fuskar wani daga cikin shugabannin game da 18 mita, da kuma suke located a kan wani dutse saman. Saboda nauyin bidi'a, Dutsen Rushmore wani abin mamaki ba ne kawai don yawon bude ido da kuma masana tarihi, shi ne yawa tattaunawa a cikin kimiyya al'umma.

Yi ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1927. Af, yayin da Mr. Borglum, wanda ya jagoranci aikin, riga shekaru 60 da haihuwa. Samar da wani Bas-taimako a irin wannan yanayi shi ne da wuya sosai. Da farko, ma'aikata sassaka a cikin dutse giant boulders - shi ne mai blank ga raga. Bayan da cewa dutse a kusa da tubalan fashe da Dynamite. Kuma a sa'an nan mafi bayyana contours halitta da wedges, sledge guduma da pneumatic guduma.

The Mount Rushmore da fuskoki na hudu Amurka shugabannin mutunta gina up a kan shekaru 14. A wannan lokaci, daga karkarar da tsararru An cire fiye da 360 ton na dutse. Halittar Memorial sun kashe kusan miliyan daya daloli, wanda a kwanakin nan ya ƙẽtare walat. Kuma an yi sa'a, domin gina bai sha wahala rai guda, duk da gaske matsananci da m aiki yanayin.

Opening na tunawa da cikar

Tun da sculptures aka halitta a hankali, sa'an nan kuma bude su daya bayan daya. Alal misali, shaidar bayyanar da shugaban Washington, na farko lokacin da jama'a iya a 1934 - grand bude ya faru a kan rubu'in Yuli. Kuma bayan shekaru biyu, a 1936, Shugaba Franklin Ruzvelt bayyana a bikin na bude na mutum-mutumi na Thomas Jefferson.

Abraham Lincoln mutum-mutumi da aka gano a cikin 1937, wato Satumba 17, a lokacin da dukan ƙasar bikin 150 tunawa da sanya hannu kan kundin tsarin mulki. Kuma bayan shekaru biyu, yawon bude ido na iya riga ji dadin gaba daya ƙãre Bas-taimako. Af, a cikin wannan shekara ta 1939 a cikin National Memorial aka shigar da dare lighting tsarin.

Domin biyu mafi shekaru, aikin ci gaba a cikin halittar abin tunawa. Bayan duk, shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa Hudson aka je kara Borglum sassaka. Amma, abin takaici, a watan Maris 1941, sanannen sculptor mutu. A lokacin aikin management dauki kan dansa Lincoln. Amma dangane da mai zuwa hallara na kasar a cikin yakin duniya na II mun yanke shawarar dakatar da aiki. Oktoba 31, 1941 National Memorial rantsuwarsu ayyana cikakken.

Yin yawo a cikin kasa tunawa

Ba kowa ba ne ya sani cewa yawon shakatawa ne na biyu mafi girma tushen samun kudin shiga ga South Dakota. Dutsen Rushmore (United States) an halitta da fari ya jawo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa. Kuma da manufar da shi ya ci gaba har yanzu.

Kowace shekara, National Memorial da aka ziyarci da wani talakawan na uku da miliyan yawon bude ido, wanda ta halitta na da kyau sakamako a kan jihar kasafin kudin. Around dutsen akwai mutane da yawa da sauran jan hankali da suke da gaske ban sha'awa a ga.

Bugu da kari, da National Park, wanda aka located a kan ƙasa da dutsen, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi sanannen wasanni hawa cibiyoyin a duniya. Hakika, tafiyar da wannan wasanni a cikin sculptures wuri yankin da aka haramta, kuma amma mafi yawan dutsen iyaka ne bude ga baƙi.

Sauran ban sha'awa gani

Kusa da dutsen akwai wani Center of Lincoln Borglum Museum, da kuma abin da bayar da wani m yawon shakatawa. A da karkararta suna located biyu manyan masu sauraro, inda watsa shirye-shirye fina-finai game da halittar Dutsen Rushmore. Nan Kusa akwai wani sassaka studio, inda za ka iya dubi daban-daban model na tunawa (ciki har da asali version of shi), kazalika da kayayyakin aiki tare da wanda za'ayi da yi.

Wani janye ne da ake kira Avenue na flags, wanda aka kewaye da hukuma tutocin daban-daban jihohi, gundumomi da kuma US yankuna. Af, suna shirya a Tsarin Harafi Bayan Harafi. Lungu da alaka da shugaban hanyar da Review terrace.

A National Memorial kuma sake ƙirƙirarsu gargajiya India kauyen Lakota, wanda a lokacinsa da kuma mallakar ƙasar. A nan, yawon bude ido suna miƙa don matsahi na saba da hanyar rayuwa, hadisai da kuma al'adu na 'yan asalin yawan jama'a.