"Elbrus" - processor a Rasha. Bayani dalla-dalla da kuma tarihi na

Tun kafuwar kwamfuta fasahar a cikin kasar, da zane na high-yi tsarin ne a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci manufofin na kasa kimiyya. Tun da 90s da binciken da aka hade da wani tushen sabon yanayin - da bukatar a aiwatar da sabon ci gaban a kan tushen da Rasha microprocessors. A sakamakon da aka halitta "Elbrus" - processor, a sarrafa kwamfuta ikon ba na baya zuwa ga mafi kyau waje model.

Tarihi na halitta

A halin yanzu, kawai 'yan} asashen duniya suna zayyana kwakwalwa tare da wani microprocessor na da kansa zane - a Amurka, Birtaniya, Japan da kuma kasar Sin. Babu shakka cewa a cikin tsaro da kuma shigo da canzawa Rasha ma bukatar wani processor cewa ya ishe su sadu da bukatun da sojoji, jami'an tsaro, gwamnati da kuma ilimi. A yiwu - da kuma harkokin na samfur. Bayan shekaru da dama na aiki aiki na masana kimiyya da kuma injiniyoyi na Moscow Cibiyar Spark-Technology (MCST) bã Ya jin kunyar su gabatar da sabuwar ci gaban da 2014-15 shekaru takwas-processor "Elbrus 8c". Amma kafin wannan tarihi taron da aka wuce dogon hanyar msar tambayar lissafin da kuma m bincike.

A Tarayyar Soviet fice muhimmancin a cikin ci gaban da kwamfuta fasahar da muke da aikin koyarwa S. A. Lebedeva. The kungiyar karkashin jagorancin shi a Academy of Sciences na Cibiyar daidaici makanikai da Computer Technology (ITM da VT) da aka halicce ta lantarki sarrafa kwamfuta inji (kwakwalwa) da goma sha biyar model - daga farko tube wa high-gudun inji hadedde kewaye.

"Elbrus-1"

A ra'ayin na gine-gine da Lines, baya aiwatuwa a Rasha processor "Elbrus", an haife shi a shekarar 1969. Dalilin da ci gaban ya sa bukatar "intellectualization" na dabarun tsarin. Ya zama sarki zanen VS Burtsev, wani fitaccen gwani a kwamfuta kimiyya, daga baya Academician.

A shekarar 1979, ITM da VT jihar hukumar aka wakilta ƙarni na farko na multiprocessor sarrafa kwamfuta hadaddun "Elbrus" (IAC). The processor da aka tsara dangane da TTL-dabaru. A tsarin amfani a cikin armaments masana'antu.

"Elbrus-2"

na biyu ƙarni na MVK "Elbrus" Bayan shekara shida, nasarar wuce gwajin. The processor da sabon kashi tushe kasance gaba daya cigaban kasa. A tsarin da aka dogara ne a kan wani high-gudun Hadakar haihuwarka da emitter-guda biyu dabaru IC-100 jerin. Performance "Elbrus-2" a desyatiprotsessornoy sanyi ya 125 Mill. Per biyu.

ERM da aka gina a wani ire fashion tare da ƙara AMINCI. Godiya ga gudu da kuma resiliency na hadaddun aka yi amfani da shekaru da yawa a cikin key wurare na dabarun tsarin. Musamman domin ta lokaci halaye cimma ERM aiwatar da ci gaban mai yawan m ra'ayoyi a kungiyar na mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta tsari.

"Elbrus-3"

A na gaba mataki (1986-1994) ya halittar tsara ta uku, na MVK "Elbrus". The processor yanzu ko da more iko lantarki - mafi m. Project manajan zaba m memba na Academy of Sciences B. A. Babayana. Af, ya sanya muhimman hakkokin gudummuwa ga ci gaban MVK "Elbrus-1" da "Elbrus-2".

Kimantawa da amfani ko rashin amfani da su ci gaba da superscalar gine aiwatar a cikin biyu ƙarni na ERM, Boris Artashesovich samarwa a mafi m aiwatar da manufar mai fadi da wa'azi kalma. Kafin rushewar kungiyar masana gudanar da tara a samfur amma kudade a matsayin sabon hukuma tsaya.

Littafi

A ci gaba da wannan aikin line an haɗa da ayyuka na ZAO MCST. A da tsarin, da manyan m mikroelektronschiki yin muhimman hakkokin fare a kan yin amfani da microprocessor fasahar, ya fara haifar da biyu jerin microprocessors da kwamfuta tsarin dangane da su. Wadannan ayyuka suna nan taimaka wajen haifar da wani iko da Rasha processor "Elbrus" 2014 release.

Project dalilin da farko jerin aka bude gine scalable Processor Architecture (SPARC), The kayyade ta Sun Microsystems. Sarrafawa «R» iyali da aka halitta bisa shi.

Dalili na biyu jerin shi ne ainihin gine na "Elbrus", masu tasowa, da ka'idodin da cewa an amince da dage farawa saukar a IAC-3 (asali aka kira "architecture E2k»). Akwai aka halicce hudu na asali iri sarrafawa. Saboda haka, "Elbrus" (CPU): kwatanta model aka bai wa a tebur a kasa.

"ELBRUS-4c"

Daya daga cikin latest nasara ci gaban da kamfanin ya MCST processor "Elbrus-4c." Its gine dogara ne a kan asali zane, wanda aiki a matsayin wani tushe ga microarchitecture VLIW. Ga lissafi tafiyar matakai alhakin 4 tsakiya 800 MHz, cache memory 2 MB a kan kowane core.

Duk da bayyana archaism cikin sharuddan samar da fasaha (manyan, kananan mita, aiwatar da fasaha "daga karshe karni" 65 nm), wani lantarki na'urar yadda ya dace shi ne m da Intel jerin "i". Tare da kasa ikon amfani (45W) ta yi ne har zuwa 50 Gflops. Don kwatanta, mazan model da Intel Core i7-975 Extreme Edition yana da damar 53 Gflops a yafi hakan mitoci, kuma ikon amfani. Wannan zamani Rasha processor "Elbrus" 2014 model shekara da aka saka gwajin da suka fito a cikin jerin.

"Elbrus-8C"

Da alama cewa lokaci juyin halitta ya kan, shi ya nuna na neman sauyi nasara ga m microelectronics. ZAO "MCST" tare da Cibiyar Electronic Control Machines ya ci gaba da kuma samar da wani sabon ƙarni na aikin injiniya da samfurin kayayyaki. Domin masana'antu samar da shirya processor "Elbrus 8c" halitta a ranar 28-nanometer aiwatar da fasaha.

The na'urar za ta yi aiki a jummai tare da mai kula da ci gaban} asa KPI-2. Ko da yake mai kula har saki a 65 nm aiwatar da fasaha, tana goyon baya da uku Gigabit Ethernet cibiyar sadarwa kula, 20 Lines PCI-Express bas 2.0, takwas 2.0 na USB-tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da takwas SATA-mashigai. Sadarwa da processor ne 16 Gb / s.

fasaha halaye

Manufacturer saukar da babban halaye na "Elbrus" sabon tsarin:

• Processor - 8 tsakiya ba tare da gipertredinga.
• Crystal size - 350 mm ^2.
• Biyu-matakin cache ga kowane core - 512 KV.
• uku-matakin cache ne na kowa - 16 MB.
• Kisa da zagayowar - 30 gudanar.
• Clock mita - 1.3 GHz, a lokacin da wadannan sigogi an tabbatar bai yankẽwa aiki na duk nukiliya Unlimited lokaci, ko da daya da ɗari bisa dari load.
• Performance (ganiya) - 250 Gflops.
• Power - 60-90 watts.
• Lasisi 'yancin kai daga Intel, yayin da tabbatar da goyon baya ga manyan Tsarukan aiki da x86 / x86-64 gine.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da Rasha processor "Elbrus" latest ƙarni na har zuwa sau biyar fiye da m fiye da 4C model.

architecture

Kamar yadda wani muhimmin sakamakon da kamfanin ZAO MCST ɓullo da asali gine na microprocessor "Elbrus". The processor ne da nufin maximizing hardware albarkatun domin yi awo data. A general rarrabuwa shi nasa ne da category na gine-gine, ta amfani da manufa na fadi da wa'azi kalma VLIW (Very Manyan Umarni Word), da mai tarawa haifar don a layi daya kisa jerin kungiyoyin (m umurci kalmomi), a cikin abin da babu dependencies tsakanin kungiyoyin cikin kungiyar da kuma rage girmanta dogara tsakanin teams a daban-daban kungiyoyin.

Saboda haka, Rasha processor "Elbrus" sosai yana amfani da parallelism a matakin ayyukan ne ba a cikin shirin code. A sakamakon haka ne manyan gine-gine da gudu ta saki na parallelization na'ura ayyuka muhimmi superscalar fannonin tsarin gine-gine da kuma canja wurin su optimizing tarawa. Wannan ya haddasa, da kuma sauran muhimman siffofin muhimmi "Elbrus" gine - low ikon amfani da na'urorin.

Tare da tasiri amfani da parallelism a cikin gine na ayyukan "Elbrus" na'urar aza yi da sauran iri (matakan) na parallelism muhimmi a kwamfuta tsari:

• concurrency matsaloli a multicomputer gidaje.
• Concurrency iko gudana a kan shared memory.
• vector parallelism.

Dace da x86 gine

A matsayin muhimman hakkokin bukata a gine-gine, developers farko dauke da samar da ingantaccen binary karfinsu da rinjaye Intel x86 microprocessor gine. An aiwatar a kan tushen da wani boye tsauri translation da nuna goyon baya kayan aiki microprocessor "Elbrus". Yana kuma kayyade Properties daga cikin sabon gida gine ne da ci gaban hardware support kafaffen sarrafa kwamfuta (shirye-shirye module), muhimmanci facilitates aikin na shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar manyan software tsarin da iyaka deadlines.

m aikace-aikace

Inda shi ne ya shirya don amfani Rasha sarrafawa? Ya kamata a fahimci cewa wannan samfurin da aka tsara tare da guda manufa - don samar da wani wadãtacce, mai zaman kanta da wadata da kuma lasisi, na microelectronics da kwamfuta fasaha. Computers a kan "Elbrus" processor da wani babban matakin da aminci da kuma kariya daga kwamfuta ƙwayoyin cuta a bukatar a kare masana'antu, a cikin tsaro da sabis, muhimmanci da hukumomin} asar.

A halin yanzu, da tsarin damar da saba Windows da Linux, wanda ya buɗe hanyar, idan ba su da talakawan mabukaci, da cewa kamfanoni kansu. MCST yayi wani kare kwakwalwa da kuma sabobin, iya aiki a cikin matsananci halin wurare.