Flash memory. SSD. The iri flash memory. katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Flash memory ne mai irin dogon-m ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ga kwakwalwa, a cikin abin da ke ciki za a iya reprogrammed ko cire wani lantarki Hanyar. A kwatanta da electrically Erasable Programmable karanta kawai Memory ayyuka sama da shi za a iya yi a cikin tubalan da suke a wurare daban-daban. Flash memory koda halin kaka nisa kasa da EEPROM, don haka ya zama rinjaye fasaha. Musamman ma a yanayi inda kana bukatar wani kwari da kuma dogon lokacin data tsare. Its amfani da aka yarda a da dama hali: a dijital audio 'yan wasa, da kyamarori, wayoyin hannu da kuma wayoyin salula na zamani, inda akwai musamman android aikace-aikace a kan katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Bugu da kari, shi ne amfani da kebul-sanda, bisa ga al'ada amfani don adana bayanai da kuma canja wurin tsakanin kwakwalwa. Ta samu a wasu notoriety a cikin caca duniya, inda shi ne sau da yawa a hada a cikin wani zamewa ga adanar bayanai a kan ci gaban wasan.

janar description

Flash memory ne a irin wannan shi ne iya adana bayanai a kan katin na dogon lokaci ba tare da yin amfani da ikon. Bugu da kari shi yiwuwa a lura mafi gudun samun damar bayanai, da kuma mafi sanadin motsi buga juriya a kwatanta da wuya DISKs. Godiya ga wannan halaye, shi ya zama mai tunani ga m na'urorin, powered by da batura da accumulators. Wani undeniable amfani shi ne, lokacin da wani flash katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka matsa zuwa wani m, shi kusan ba zai yiwu ya hallaka wasu misali jiki hanyoyin, don haka shi za su iya jure ruwan zãfi, da babban matsin.

Low-matakin data damar

wani data damar hanya, dake a cikin flash memory ne sosai daban-daban daga abin da ya shafi al'ada iri. Low-matakin damar da aka yi da direba. Al'ada RAM nan da nan ya amsa kira karanta bayanai da rikodin, ya dawo da sakamakon irin wadannan ayyuka, da kuma flash ƙwaƙwalwar na'urar ne irin wannan cewa, zai dauki lokaci domin yin tunani.

The na'urar da manufa na aiki

A lokacin, kowa flash memory, wanda aka tsara domin odnotranzistornyh abubuwa da "iyo" ƙofar. Ta hanyar wannan yana yiwuwa ya samar da wani high yawa data ajiya a kwatanta da tsauri RAM, wanda na bukatar a biyu daga transistors da wani capacitor kashi. A lokacin da kasuwar yana cike da wani iri-iri na fasahar domin gina da ainihin abubuwan for irin wannan kafofin watsa labaru, wanda aka tsara da manyan masana'antun. Bambanci ne yawan yadudduka, hanyoyin da rubutu da kuma erasing bayanai da kuma kungiyar tsarin, wanda mafi yawa ana nuna a cikin suna.

A lokacin, akwai wani biyu na daban na kwakwalwan kwamfuta da cewa su ne mafi yawan na kowa: kuma da Nand. A cikin duka ƙwaƙwalwar transistors dangane da aka yi wa bit Lines - a layi daya da kuma a cikin jerin, bi da bi. A farko da irin cell masu girma dabam ne quite manyan, kuma akwai yiwuwar for sauri bazuwar damar, kyale ka ka kashe shirye-shirye kai tsaye daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Na biyu ne halin da karami raga masu girma dabam, kazalika da sauri bi da bi damar cewa shi ne yafi dace lokacin da bukatar gina wani block-type na'urorin da cewa za a ajiye yawa bayani.

Mai šaukuwa na'urorin SSD yana amfani da memory irin kuma. Yanzu, duk da haka, an ƙara zama rare na'urorin tare da kebul na ke dubawa. Su yi amfani da Nand-type memory. A hankali shi ya maye gurbin na farko.

Babban matsalar - fragility

A farko samfurori na flash tafiyarwa jerin samar da bai so ba masu amfani da hakan gudu. Yanzu, duk da haka, da rikodi gudu da kuma karatu ne a matakin cewa za a iya kyan gani, cikakken tsawon movie ko gudu a kan kwamfuta tsarin aiki. A yawan masana'antun sun riga ya nuna da na'ura, inda rumbun kwamfutarka da aka maye gurbinsu da flash memory. Amma wannan fasahar yana da matukar muhimmanci drawback, wanda ya zama wata matsala ga canji na data m na data kasance Magnetic woje. Saboda yanayin flash ƙwaƙwalwar na'urorin shi damar erasing da rubuta bayanai a iyakance yawan hawan keke, wanda shi ne achievable, har ma ga kananan da kuma šaukuwa na'urori, ba a ma maganar da yadda sau da yawa shi ne yake aikata a kan kwakwalwa. Idan ka yi amfani da irin wannan kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin m-jihar drive a kan wani PC, sa'an nan da sauri ya zo a mawuyacin halin da ake ciki.

Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa irin wannan drive aka gina a kan dukiya daga filin-sakamako transistors don adana a cikin "iyo" ƙofar wutar lantarki, babu ko gaban wanda a transistor aka gani a matsayin mai ma'ana daya ko sifili a binary lambar tsarin. Rikodi da kuma erasing data a cikin Nand-memory tunneled electrons samar da hanyar da Fowler-Nordheim shafe dielectric. Yana ba ya bukatar high ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ba ka damar yin m cell size. Amma daidai da wannan tsari take kaiwa zuwa jiki tabarbarewar Kwayoyin, tun da wutar lantarki yanzu a wannan harka Yanã shigar da electrons shiga ƙofar garin, keta shãmaki dielectric. Duk da haka, a tabbace shiryayye rayuwar irin wannan memory ne shekaru goma. Depreciation guntu ba saboda karatun bayanai, amma saboda ayyukan da ta shafe da kuma rubuta, saboda karatu ba ya bukatar canje-canje a cikin tsarin da Kwayoyin, amma kawai ya wuce da lantarki.

Da sauƙi, memory masana'antun an rayayye aiki a cikin shugabanci na kara sabis rayuwar m jihar tafiyarwa na da irin wannan: su suna gyarawa tabbatar uniformity da rikodi / erasing matakai a sel da tsararru daya ba sawa fiye da wasu. Domin load daidaita shirin hanya an fi dacewa amfani. Alal misali, don kawar da wannan sabon abu ya shafi "sa leveling" fasahar. A data ne sau da yawa batun sauya, ta motsa da adireshin sarari na flash memory, saboda rikodin yana da za'ayi a cewar daban-daban jiki adireshin. Kowane mai kula sanye take tare da kansa jeri algorithm, don haka yana da matukar wuya a kwatanta da tasiri na daban-daban model a matsayin aiwatar da bayanai da aka ba bayyana. Kamar yadda a kowace shekara da girma na flash tafiyarwa suna samun mafi zama dole yin amfani da ya fi dacewa Algorithms cewa taimaka tabbatar da zaman lafiyar na na'ura yi.

Shirya matsala

Daya sosai tasiri hanyar magance da sabon abu da aka bai wa wani adadin ƙwaƙwalwar redundancy, bayan da ta uniformity na kaya an tabbatar da kuskure gyara ta hanyar musamman lissafi mai tsauri ga ma'ana isar da jiki tubalan canzawa faruwa tare da m amfani da memory stick. Kuma zuwa ga hana asarar cell bayanai, m, An katange ko maye gurbinsu da madadin. Irin wannan software ya sa ya yiwu don toshe rarraba tabbatar uniformity na aza ta kara yawan hawan keke da 3-5 sau, amma wannan bai isa ba.

Katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma sauran irin wannan ajiya na'urorin aka halin da gaskiyar cewa a cikin sabis yankin da aka adana tare da fayil tsarin tebur. Yana hana bayanai karanta kasawa a ma'ana matakin, misali, ba daidai ba ko disconnecting kwatsam lõkacin fatara daga cikin wadata da wutar lantarki da makamashi. Kuma tun lokacin da yin amfani da m na'urorin bayar da caching tsarin, da m overwriting yana da mafi yankunan da sakamako a kan kason fayil tebur da kuma shugabanci abinda ke ciki. Kuma ko da musamman shirye-shirye domin memory cards ba su iya taimaka a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, ga guda mai amfani da tarbiyyar kofe dubban fayiloli. Kuma, a fili, sau ɗaya kawai amfani da rikodi tubalan a cikin abin da aka sanya. Amma da sabis yankin corresponded da kowane karshe wani fayil, wato, kasafi tebur sun halartar wannan hanya sau dubbai. Saboda wannan dalili, da fari za ta kasa tubalan shagaltar da wadannan bayanai. Technology "lalacewa leveling" aiki tare da irin raka'a, amma ingancinta yana da iyaka. Kuma a sa'an nan ba kome abin da ka yi amfani da kwamfuta, da flash drive za a lalace ko da idan aka bayar da mahalicci.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura cewa, kara da damar irin wannan na'urorin ya sa a cikin kwakwalwan kwamfuta kawai ga cewa jimlar yawan write hawan keke rage, tun da cell zama karami, bukata kasa ƙarfin lantarki da kuma zuwa dissipate oxide partitions cewa ware "iyo kofa." Kuma a nan halin da ake ciki shi ne irin abin da wani karuwa a iya aiki da na'urorin amfani da matsala da su AMINCI ya zama ƙara aggravated da kuma aji katin yanzu dogara a kan al'amurra da dama. Abin dogara aiki na irin wannan hukunci ne m da ta fasaha fasali kazalika da kasuwar halin da ake ciki rinjaye a wannan lokacin. Saboda da m gasar tilasta masana'antun to yanke samar da halin kaka a kowace hanya. Ciki har da ta simplifying da zane, da yin amfani da aka gyara na wani mai rahusa sa, domin iko da yi da kuma weakening a sauran hanyoyi. Alal misali, katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya "Samsung" za kudin fiye da karami-sani takwarorinsu, amma ta AMINCI ne da yawa kasa al'amurran da suka shafi. Amma a nan, kuma da wuya ya yi magana game da cikakken rashi na matsaloli, da kuma kawai a kan na'urorin gaba ɗaya unknown masana'antun da wuya a sa ran wani abu more.

inganta harkokin ci gaban

Duk da yake akwai a bayyane yake abũbuwan amfãni, akwai da dama daga disadvantages cewa faye hali SD-katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, hana kara fadada ta aikace-aikace. Saboda haka kiyaye m search for madadin mafita a cikin wannan yanki. Hakika, na farko na duk kokarin inganta data kasance iri flash memory, wanda ba ya haifar da wasu muhimman hakkokin canje-canje a cikin data kasance samar da tsari. Saboda haka babu shakka daya kawai: kamfanonin da hannu yi na wadannan iri tafiyarwa, za su yi kokarin amfani da ta full m, kafin ya koma zuwa ga wani daban-daban irin ci gaba da inganta gargajiya da fasaha. Alal misali, Sony Memory Card samar a halin yanzu a cikin wani m kewayon kundin, saboda haka shi ne a zaci cewa shi ne, kuma zai ci gaba da za a sayar rayayye.

Duk da haka, ya zuwa yau, a kan masana'antu aiwatar da bakin kofa ne cikkaken kewayon madadin ajiya fasahar, wasu daga wanda za a iya aiwatar da nan da nan a kan abin da ya faru na m kasuwar yanayi.

Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM)

Technology manufa ferroelectric ajiya (Ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) da aka samarwa a gina ba maras tabbas da damar žwažwalwa. An yi imani da cewa inji na samuwa fasahar, wadda ta ƙunshi a overwriting da bayanai a kan aiwatar da karanta domin duk gyare-gyare na asali da aka gyara, take kaiwa zuwa wani dakile daga high-gudun na'urorin m. A FRAM - ƙwaƙwalwar, halin da sauki, high AMINCI da gudun aiki. Wadannan Properties ne yanzu halayyar DRAM - maras tabbas RAM cewa wanzu a wannan lokacin. Amma sai mafi za a kara da cewa, da kuma yiwuwar dogon lokacin da ajiya na bayanai, wanda aka halin wani SD katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Daga cikin abũbuwan amfãni daga wannan fasahar za a iya bambanta jure daban-daban na iya shiga radiation cewa za a iya da'awar a musamman na'urorin da ake amfani da su yi aiki a cikin yanayi na ƙãra radioactivity ko a sarari bincike. bayanai ajiya dabarar da aka gane da ake ji da ferroelectric sakamako. Yana nuna cewa abu ne iya kula rabuwa da in babu waje lantarki filin. Kowane FRAM memory cell da aka kafa ta ajiye da ultrathin film na ferroelectric abu a cikin nau'i na lu'ulu'u ne tsakanin wani biyu daga lebur karfe wayoyin kafa capacitor. A data a wannan yanayin ana sa a cikin crystal tsarin. Wannan ya hana da cajin yayyo sakamako, wanda ya haddasa asarar bayanai. A data a cikin FRAM-memory ana kiyaye shi har idan ikon ƙarfin lantarki.

Magnetic RAM (MRAM)

Wani irin memory, wanda shi ne a yau dauke su sosai alamar rahama, shi ne MRAM. An halin gwada da babban gudun yi da kuma wadanda ba volatility. Unit salula a cikin wannan hali ne na bakin ciki Magnetic film sanya a kan wani silicon substrate. MRAM ne a tsaye memory. Shi ba ya bukatar lokaci-lokaci rewriting, da kuma bayanai ba za a rasa lokacin da ikon da aka kashe. A halin yanzu, mafi masana sun yarda cewa irin wannan memory za a iya kira na gaba tsara fasahar da wacce samfur nuna wani fairly high gudun yi. Wani amfani da wannan bayani ne low cost na kwakwalwan kwamfuta. Flash memory aka sanya daidai da musamman CMOS tsari. A MRAM guntu za a iya kerarre da misali masana'antu tsari. Bugu da ƙari, cikin kayan iya bauta kamar yadda waɗanda suke amfani da al'ada Magnetic kafofin watsa labarai. Nuna manyan batches daga wadannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta ya fi arha fiye da dukan sauran mutane. Muhimmanci MRAM-memory alama ne da ikon taimaka nan take. Wannan yana da muhimmanci musamman ga hannu da na'urorin. Lalle ne, a cikin irin wannan cell da aka ƙaddara da darajar Magnetic cajin, kuma ba wutar lantarki, kamar yadda a cikin al'ada flash memory.

Ovonic kenan Memory (Oum)

Wani irin memory, a kan wanda da yawa kamfanoni suna rayayye aiki - shi ne mai m-jihar drive-tushen amorphous semiconductors. A karkashi ta'allaka da lokaci mika mulki fasahar da cewa shi ne kama da manufa na rikodin a kan al'ada fayafai. Ga lokaci jihar na dũkiyõyinsu a wani lantarki filin da aka canza daga crystalline zuwa amorphous. Kuma wannan canji da aka adana in babu irin ƙarfin lantarki. Daga al'ada Tantancewar fayafai , irin na'urorin da ake halin a cewa dumama daukan wuri da mataki na lantarki halin yanzu, ba Laser. Karatun da aka yi a wannan harka saboda da bambanci a na nuna ikon abubuwa daban-daban a jihohin, wanda aka gane ta da drive haska. Rubuce, irin wannan bayani yana da wani high yawa data ajiya da kuma iyakar AMINCI, kazalika da ƙara gudun. High adadi ne da matsakaicin yawan write hawan keke, wanda yana amfani da kwamfuta, flash drive, a cikin wannan yanayin lags da dama umarni na girma.

Chalcogenide RAM (CRAM) da kuma Phase Change Memory (PRAM)

Wannan fasahar kuma bisa tushen lokaci mi} a lokacin da daya lokaci abu amfani a cikin m hidima a matsayin maras conductive amorphous abu, da kuma na biyu shugaba ne crystalline. A miƙa mulki na memory cell daga daya jiha zuwa wani ne da za'ayi ta lantarki filin da kuma dumama. Irin wannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta halin da juriya ga ionizing radiation.

Bayani-Multilayered imprinted katin (Info-Mika)

Aiki da na'urorin gina a kan tushen da wannan fasaha, bisa manufa na bakin ciki-film holography. The bayanai da aka rubuta kamar haka: na farko ya kafa wani biyu-girma image daukar kwayar cutar zuwa hologram na CGH fasaha. Reading na data ne saboda kam na Laser katako a gefen daya daga cikin rikodi yadudduka, da na gani waveguides ma'aikata. Light farfagandar tare da wani axis wanda aka shirya a layi daya da jirgin saman na Layer, kafa da fitarwa image m ga bayanai rubuta a baya. A farko data iya samu a wani lokacin ta hanyar kishiya coding algorithm.

Wannan irin memory tagomashi da semiconductor saboda gaskiyar cewa tsiraru da tabbatar da high data yawa, low ikon amfani da low cost da m, muhalli da lafiya da kuma kariya daga amfani mara izini. Amma rewriting bayanai wannan katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba da damar, saboda haka, zai iya bauta wa kawai a matsayin wani dogon lokacin da ajiya, maye gurbin takardar matsakaici ko wani madadin Tantancewar fayafai ga rarraba multimedia content.