Etruscan haruffa. A Etruscan harshe. Mafi shahara Monuments na Etruscan haruffa

A Etruscan haruffa ne mai sa na haruffa da sanya Etruscan harshe, da harshen mafi m, a cikin duniya da cewa za a iya karanta amma ba za a iya gane. Duk da manyan yawan sanannun Monuments na Etruscan haruffa, lambobi dubban kofe, a duniya, da masana kimiyya har yanzu suna iya warware da tatsuniya.

Ne suka kasance Etruscans

A Etruscans - iko mutane da suka rayu a Italiya tare da 9. BC. e., kafin zuwan da Romawa. Jihar Etruria da wani tarayya tsarin da kuma kunshi 12 zaman kanta birane. Kowane birni na da sarki daga cikin dokoki, amma a cikin 4th karni. BC. e. aristocracy zo da wuta.

Commercial da kuma masana'antu mahallin, jihar goyon bayan da Etruscans daga Ancient Girka (Koranti), kamar yadda evidenced da hotuna da kuma rubuta records. Found kusa Tarquini lãka urns da tasoshin da zane nuna da dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin art na Etruscans da Helenawa. A cewar wasu kafofin, daya daga cikin m Greek painters da kuma kawo wa haruffa. Gaskiyar cewa Etruscan haruffa samu daga Girkanci, kuma ce siffar da dabi'u na ta haruffa.

A heyday na Etruria Jihar

Jihar Etruscans yadu ci gaba cinikayya da masana'antu da ayyukan. Primorye Territory daga Tarquinia zuwa Gulf a Vesuvius ya dace ga tuƙi, don haka da Etruscans kokarin hambarar da Helenawa da cinikayya a cikin Rum. A jihar da aka da raya aikin noma da kuma handicrafts. Evidence na ci gaba ma'adanin na ginin ne ragowar na zamanin d gine-gine da kuma makabarta, hanyoyi da kuma canals.

Hukuncin know - lukumony - dubawa da gina birane, nishadantarwa a cikin saye da daukaka ta hanyar fadace-fadace da kuma hare-hare a kan su makwabta.

Da yawa daga abin da aka yanzu dauke da wani 'yan qasar Roman, a gaskiya, ya yi da Etruscans da kafa, misali, tsoho Haikali a kan Capitol Hill aka gina ta sana'a daga Etruria. Sarakunan zamanin d Roma ma ya zo daga irin na Tarquins, da yawa Latin sunayen aro daga Etruscan, da kuma asalin da haruffa a cikin Roman Empire, da yawa masana tarihi ma yaba da Etruscans.

A heyday na Etruria States lissafinsu 535 BC. e., sa'ad da rundunar sojojin da Carthaginians da Etruscans nasara da Helenawa, amma bayan 'yan shekaru saboda da fragmentation na jihar Roma nasarar samun sabon Etruscan birane. By tsakiyar 1st karni BC. e. Roman al'adu gaba daya garwaya da na gida da kuma Etruscan harshen da aka daina amfani da su.

Harshe da kuma art a Etruria

A Etruscans aka da raya art: samar da marmara sculptures, fasahar na tagulla da simintin. Shahararren mutum-mutumi na ta-kerkẽci shãyarwa cikin wadanda suka kafa na birnin Romulus da Remus, an halitta daidai Etruscan sana'a wanda koya daga Helenawa. Fentin terracotta sassaka kiyaye fasali na Etruscan mutane: dan kadan slanted almond idanu, a manyan hanci, cikakken lebe. The mazaunan Etruria suna kama mazaunan Asiya Ƙananan.

Addini da kuma harshen Etruscan ne sosai daban-daban daga makwabciyar al'umma saboda foreignness. Ko da Romawa ba zai iya fahimtar harshen. Don sun tsira da Roman karin magana "Etruscan ba karanta» (etruscum ba legitur), wanda m da rabo daga cikin Etruscan haruffa.

Mai Etruscan texts wanda aka same ta archaeologists a cikin karni na karshe - a funerary da dedicatory Kwalayen tombstones, vases, da mutummutumai, madubai da kuma kayan ado. Amma wani kimiyya ko likita ayyukan (a cewar wasu kafofin, magani da kuma miyagun ƙwayoyi jiyya aka karfi da ci gaba a Etruria) mafi kusantar da shi shi ba zai iya samu.

Kokarin decipher Etruscan dauka fiye da shekaru 100. Mutane da yawa malamai sun yi kokarin yi shi ta wajen wani misalin da Hungarian, Lithuanian, Phoenician, Girkanci, Finnish, kuma har ma da tsoho harshe. A cewar 'yan rahotanni, wannan harshe yana dauke da za a ware daga dukkan sauran harsunan Turai.

Ranneetrussky haruffa

Domin decipher kalmomi a wani unknown harshe, masana kimiyya suna fara gane kalmomi (sunaye, lakabi da lakabobi) sa'an nan yin canja daga wani da aka sani da harshen, kokarin samun wata maimaitawa kalmomi ko nahawu siffofin. Kamar wancan kẽwaye ginin kalma da ƙamus na da harshen an unknown abun da ke ciki.

Yau a gidajen tarihi da kuma ajiya wurare a duk faɗin duniya akwai fiye da dubu 10. Allo (a kan jita-jita, a kan faranti, da dai sauransu ..), Yin amfani da Etruscan haruffa. Asalin ta daban-daban malaman fassara daban. Wasu masu bincike kira shi pelasgskim (prototirrenskim) da kuma yi imani da cewa, ya sauko daga pre-Greek, wasu - Doric, Corinthian, da sauransu - Chalcis (zapadnogrecheskogo).

Wasu malaman bayar da shawarar cewa su da shi, a rayuwar yau da kullum ya fi tsoho haruffa, wanda aka conventionally ake magana a kai a matsayin "protoetrusskim" amma rubuta shaida ko binciken samu. A tsaoho Etruscan haruffa, bisa ga masanin kimiyya R. kafinta, mafi m, aka hada da "dama Greek" da kuma ƙirƙira a 8-7 a. BC. e.

Karanta shigarwar a cikin Etruscan harshen horizontally daga dama zuwa hagu, wani lokacin akwai inscriptions sanya boustrophedon (line karanta "Maciji", a juya, daya - daga dama zuwa hagu, da sauran - daga hagu zuwa dama). Kalmomi sukan ba rabu da juna.

Wannan haruffa aka kira severoitaliyskim da kuma la'akari da shi ya sauko daga Phoenician ko Girkanci, da kuma wasu daga cikin haruffa ne sosai kama da Latin.

Etruscan haruffa da fassarar da aka kerata da masana kimiyya a cikin karni na 19th. Yadda za a furta kowane harafi Etruscan haruffa da aka sani, kuma wani dalibi iya karanta shi. Duk da haka, wa decipher da harshen yayin da babu wanda zai iya.

Marsiliansky haruffa

Rubuta Etruscans bayyana a tsakiyar 7th karni. BC. E., Kuma aka same shi a cikin wasu iyali abubuwa a lokacin archaeological tono: shi tõno inscriptions a kan kwanoni ga m abubuwa daga kabarin.

A mafi cikakken misali na haruffa zo game da lokacin da kwamfutar hannu da aka samu daga Marsiliany de Albegna a lokacin tono wata necropolis (yanzu a cikin tarihi a wurin Museum of Florence). An sanya na hauren giwa, size 5x9 cm da aka rufe saurã daga kakin zuma da embossed haruffa. Ana iya gani 22 haruffa Phoenician (Gabas Ta Tsakiya) da kuma 4 Girkanci haruffa a karshen, 21 daga cikin wasika da kuma 5 vowels. The sosai harafin farko na haruffa - harafin "A" - shi ne a kan dama.

Karkashin zaton na masu bincike farantin aiki a matsayin share fage ga wani mutum wanda ya koya rubuta. Tattauna da shi, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa marsiliansky haruffa samu daga Girkanci. The font da haruffa ne sosai kama da Chalcis.

Wani tabbatarwa daga cikin haruffa ne gaban a kan ta gilashin fure, wanda aka samu a cikin Formello, da kuma wani da aka samu a cikin kabari a Cerveteri (yanzu a gidajen tarihi Roma). Dukansu Finds ake kwanan rana 7-6 ƙarni. BC. e. The rubutu a kan daya daga cikinsu ma yana da wani jerin syllables (sillabary).

A ci gaba da haruffa

Don amsa wannan tambaya, da yadda za a canza Etruscan haruffa, da yawa ãyõyi sun kasance ga farkon kuma idan da yawan da aka canza daga baya, wajibi ne su gano da samu da kuma yadda aka bayyana "farfado da ilimi" malamai.

Kuna hukunta daga archaeological binciken baya lokacin (ga 5-3 cc. BC. E.), Ya canza hankali, wanda za a iya gani ta hanyar kwatanta samfurori a kan faranti na Viterbo, Collet et al., Kazalika da alphabets na Ruzell da Bomarzo.

A 5th karni BC. e. Etruscan haruffa ya na da 23 haruffa, t. Don. Wasu daga cikin su ba ci more. By 400 BC. e. Ya kafa wani "classic" haruffa kunshi 20 haruffa riga:

• 4 vowels: harafin A, sa'an nan E, na, na;
• 16 baƙaƙe: G, U-digamma, C, H, Th, L, T, N, P, S (wani), R, S, T, Ph, KH, F (takwas).

Pozdneetrusskie inscriptions an riga yin ta wata hanya: bayan da hanyar "dama" amfani boustrophedon a nan gaba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Latin harshen amfani Hanyar "hagu zuwa dama". Sa'an nan kuma akwai da inscriptions a kan 2 harsuna (Latin Etruscan +), da kuma wasu Etruscan haruffa masu kama da Latin.

Novoetrussky haruffa da ake amfani a dama shekara ɗari, ta pronunciation ko da ya shafi Tuscan yare a Italiya.

A Figures a cikin Etruscan haruffa

Gano Etruscan Figures kuma tabbatar da wuya. A mataki na farko a kayyade da lambobi aiki a matsayin wata godsend a Tuscany a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th. biyu dan lido da fuskoki a ranar 5 kalmomi: ilimin lissafi, Thu, huth, CI , sa. Kokarin daidaita da tasirin da sauran ƙasusuwa da ciwon a kan fuskokin da ma'ana, da masu bincike sun iya sanin wani abu, t. Don. The sharuddan da aka amfani da ka.

Sai suka fara gano kaburburan, wanda ko da yaushe dauke da lambobi, kuma ta karshen shi ya juya daga cewa Etruscans rubuta lambobi ta amfani da summation na goma goma da kuma wadanda, da kuma wani lokacin ya dauki up karami lambobi daga fi girma (20-2 = 18).

A masanin kimiyya daga Jamus Gerhard Stoltenberg sanya wani amfaninsa na dutsen kabari inscriptions kuma gano cewa, "50" Yawan ne m da kalmar muvalch, da kuma '5 »- Mach. Hakazalika fi'ili alamomin 6 da 60 da aka samu da kuma t. D.

A sakamakon haka, Stoltenberg ƙarasa da cewa Etruscan haruffa aiki a matsayin wani samfur na Roman numerals.

Faranti na Pyrgi

A shekarar 1964, tsakanin Haikalin faranti kusa da tsoho tashar jiragen ruwa Pyrgi wadda ke da alaka Etruscan birni Perret archaeologists samu a cikin 3 faranti 6-5. BC. e. na zinariya da inscriptions, daya daga wanda shi a kan Phoenician harshe, da kuma 2 - da Etruscan. The sosai gaban wadannan alluna nuna dangane da Carthage, da kuma Etruscan garin Pyrgi. Da farko, da masana kimiyya ya dauki zuciya, bayar da shawara cewa shi ne m (m ga rubutu a 2 harsuna), kuma za su iya karanta Etruscan inscriptions. Amma alas ... The texts ba quite guda.

Bayan yunƙurin sauya wadannan faranti biyu da aka sani da masana kimiyya da Pallotino Garbin, shi aka ƙarasa da cewa rubutu da aka sanya a cikin aljanna Uni-Astarte mutummutumai ko haikali. Amma a kan wani karami farantin da shi dauke da nassoshi Teferi Velinasa da aka bayyana a cikin al'ada hadayu. Sai ya juya daga cewa duka na Etruscan matani da irin wannan wuri, amma cikakken Mabudi ba zai iya yin su.

Ƙoƙarin decipher matani a kan wadannan faranti da aka yi akai-akai da masana kimiyya a kasashen da dama, amma kowane lokaci da ma'anar da rubutu samun daban-daban.

Communication Etruscan harshe da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya da takwarorinsu

Daya daga cikin oddities na Etruscan haruffa ne sosai kadan amfani, da kuma wani lokacin da rashin vowels. Bisa ga siffar da haruffa za ka lura da cewa haruffa ne m zuwa Etruscan Phoenician.

Ancient Wallafe-wallafe na gabas ta tsakiya ya yi kama da "Phoenician" kuma an sanya a cikin harshen da aka yi amfani Etruscans. Daga abin da za mu iya cewa, a cikin tsawon daga 13th karni. da kuma 3-2 ƙarni. BC. e. rubuta da harshen a Italiya, yankin gabas ta tsakiya Coast, arewa maso yammacin Afirka, da kuma shi ne kawai daya kama Etruscan.

A farkon zamanin mu Etruscan rubutu a cikin wadannan yankunan bace, ana maye gurbinsu da Greek da Aramaic. Mafi m, wannan ne saboda da tarihi epoch karfafa ikon da Roman Empire.

"The littafin mummy" da sauran texts

Daya daga cikin manyan Etruscan matani da aka samu a cikin karni na 19th. Croatian yawon shakatawa kawo Zagreb mummified mace daga Misira. Daga baya, ta unwound daga lilin tube, masana kimiyya sun gano inscriptions, wanda daga bisani aka gano a matsayin Etruscan. Lilin littafin kunshi 12 guda na masana'anta, hada da cewa samu littafin tsawon na 13,75 m. The rubutu kunshi 12 ginshikan da cewa an karanta daga dama zuwa hagu.

Bayan shekaru na bincike da aka ƙãre cewa "littafin mummy" ne kalanda, wanda na bukatar hukumar na daban-daban na addini bikin.

Wani irin Etruscan manyan rubutu da aka samu a lokacin aikin gine-gine a birnin Cortona, wanda yake a baya daya daga cikin manyan biranen Etruria. Cortona rubutu da aka bincika V.Ivanov sani masanin ilimin harsuna da suka zo ga ƙarshe cewa kinship Etruscan da Arewa Caucasian harsuna.

Daya daga cikin karshe na masanin kimiyyar ya yardar da iko da tasiri na Etruscan al'adu da adabi a cikin Roman, Latin.

Kwatanta da Etruscans da Lezgin

Wani version na asalin da kuma karatu daga cikin Etruscan harshen da aka buga a 2013, masu bincike, masana ilimin harsuna Yaraliev J. kuma N. Osmanov kira "Tarihin da Lezgins. Etruscans ". Suna da'awar su yi iya decipher da Etruscan haruffa, kuma mafi muhimmanci yin rubutu translation, ta amfani Lezgi, daya daga cikin na zamani harsuna na Dagestan reshe.

Sun kasance sũ ne iya karanta duk samuwa Etruscan texts, a t. Ch. 12 shafukan da "Littafi na mummy" da kuma wani 320 Allunan da Etruscan texts. A data samu, suke fada, da kuma iya bayyana zamanin d tarihi dangantaka tsakanin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma Caucasus.

"Slavyanskaya" ka'idar asalin Etruscans

Magoya bayan na Proto-Slavic asalin na Etruscans yi imani da cewa Etruscans kira kansu "Rasen" ko "Rosen", da cewa shi ne baƙi da kalmar "Russia". Sun kai da sauran shaidar da kusanci na wadannan al'adu da harsuna.

Deciphering Allunan daga Pyrgi ja hankalin magoya bayan Slavic ka'idar asalin Etruscan harshe. Daya daga cikin masu bincike suke da sha'awar a Etruscan rubuce-rubuce, ya mai Rasha masanin kimiyya Osipov. Ya sanya wani ƙoƙari na sake rubutawa da rubutu na Etruscan saba Rasha haruffa a misali shugabanci (hagu-dama), har ma ya kasu kashi kalmomi. Kuma Na samu ... bayanin irin zamanin da na al'ada na batsa revels solstice.

Osipov fa, tã yi kiyasi da Slavic hutu na Ivan Kupala. Bayan ta bude, da masanin kimiyyar aika da fassara rubutu daga Pyrgi da su bayani malaman Etruscan inscriptions a kasashe daban-daban. Daga baya, ya sanya wani translation na 'yan dubun inscriptions ya Hanyar ba, amma ya zuwa yanzu masana kimiyya ba ya mayar da martani ga irin wannan nasara a gudanar da bincike.

Wani Rasha masanin kimiyyar Vladimir Shcherbakov ci gaba da ka'idar cewa Etruscans rubutu Mabudi za a iya amfani da tagulla madubai, wanda suka sa a kabari. Amfani da madubai, da rubutu za a iya karanta a cikin daban-daban kwatance, da kuma wasu daga cikin haruffa za a iya inverted.

Masana tarihi sanyã wannan gaskiyar cewa master cewa sanya inscriptions ba sun mallakar wani diploma, da kuma kofe wasika daga madubai, da kuma haruffa a cikin image madubai aka juya su ko flipped. By motsi da madubi, Scherbakov sanya kansa version of deciphering da rubutu.

Research Z. Maiani da kuma sauran

Kokarin karanta da kuma fassara Etruscan ãyõyi ta hanyar kwatanta Etruscan haruffa da kuma staroalbansky, ya yi da Faransa masanin kimiyya Z. Maiani, wanda a 2003 ya wallafa wani littafi "The Etruscans fara magana," ya zama mai farin cikin Turai. Ya shafe 300 etymological kamus kwatantawa tsakanin wadannan harsuna (Etruscan da Illyrian), amma bai samu goyon baya na ilimin harsuna.

Sana'ar rubuce-rubuce a kan binciken da masu bincike kuma gano da dama iri pozdneetrusskih alphabets, wanda sun hada da severnoetrussky da tsayi, kuma Rutsky Venetic alphabets. An kullum yarda da cewa farkon Etruscan haruffa bauta a matsayin dalilin su. Kuma duk wadannan rubuce-rubucen da aka yi amfani da mazauna Tuscany da kuma Italiya a farkon 1st karni BC. e., bayan da bacewar na asali Etruscan. Lokacin da mutane suke iya fahimtar Etruscan harshe, kuma ya kasance wani asiri karshe millennia.