Gilashin Uranium. Products daga gilashin uranium (photo)

Gilashin Uranium, vaseline, canary ne sunan samfurori tare da ƙara da uranium oxides a matsayin mai dadi. Ayyukan radiyo? Yaya ya faru cewa an samo samfurori na rayuwar yau da kullum ta hanyar amfani da kashi 92 (bisa ga launi na DI Mendeleev), kamar na bam din bam din? Yana nuna cewa gilashi yana da haɗari? Ko kuwa ba haka ba ne?

Menene uranium da oxides?

Masanin ilmin Jamus Martin Heinrich Klaprot a shekarar 1789 ya karbi "sabon ƙarfe" daga ma'adinai na fata wanda aka dasa a mines na Joachimsthal a Bohemia (Czech Republic ta zamani), ta kira shi uranium. Ya yi tunanin cewa yana da ƙarfe mai tsabta - bai duba wannan zato ba a yanayin zamani. Me ya sa uranium?

Kusan shekaru takwas da suka wuce, a 1871, Frederick William Herschel (masanin astronomer Jamus wanda ke aiki a Ingila) ya gano sabuwar duniya na tsarin hasken rana - na bakwai. Ya kasance sau goma sha biyar fiye da duniya. Herschel ya kira shi Uranus don girmama tsohuwar matar Gayia mai suna Gaia (Duniya).

Bayan shekaru hamsin daga baya, a 1841, Faransanci mai suna Eugène Peligo ya tabbatar da cewa "sabon karfe na goma sha takwas" Klaproth ya karbi oxide (a cikin abun da ke ciki - oxygen). Peligo ya karbi ƙarfe mai tsabta, amma bai shiga tarihi na binciken uranium ba, amma Klaproth.

Kusan kusan rabin karni kafin 1896, uranium ba a buƙata a cikin masana'antu ba, kuma bayan binciken da aka samu na radioactivity wannan batu shine sha'awar masana kimiyya. Amma har 1939, a lokacin da suka buga da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen a nukiliya fission, da uranium tama mined kawai ga rediyoaktif radium.

Bayanan tarihi

Yin amfani da uranium oxide na duniya a Turai ya koma zuwa karni na farko BC: an samu gutsuttsar kayan ado da aka yi da furanni mai launin rawaya a lokacin da aka yi wa Pompeii fashewa.

A lokacin aikin archaeological a Italiya a kan Cape na Posilippo (Neapolitan Bay) a cikin 1912, an sami ɓangaren mosaic launin fata. Gilashi launi a cikin abun da ke ciki ya ƙunshi kashi ɗaya na uranium oxide. Wannan samuwa yana kwanta zuwa 79 AD.

Don samar da enamels da gilashin mosaic na wannan lokacin, an kawo zumunta daga Afirka zuwa Turai.

A cewar wuraren da aka rubuta daga kasar Sin, masanan sunyi gwagwarmaya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da na 17 tare da tara nauyin uranium don ba da launin launi zuwa gilashi. Ba'a samu samfurori daga gilashin uranium na wannan lokacin ba.

Rikicin kaya na halitta, wanda sau da yawa tare da hakar azurfa a Turai, an lura da su ta hanyar gilashin gilashi - ƙoƙarin sauya launi na gilashin da suka yi na dogon lokaci.

Gilashin Uranium: farkon farawa mai girma a cikin kasashe

Mazauna na Silver Habsburg, dake cikin Bohemia, sun cika da nauyin uranium _­ - nasturanom (uraninite). Kuma, ba shakka, masanan masana'antun gilashi suna so su yi amfani da launi na halitta don samun kayan launi. Mahalarta na ƙarni na uku na fadar sarauta mai suna Riedel, Franz Xaver Anton, a farkon karni na sha tara yayi gwajin gilashi da launi. Sakamakon shi ne adadin uranium oxides zuwa cajin, an samu inuwa daga rawaya zuwa zurfi kore, kuma gilashin uranium a ƙarƙashin haskoki na rudani da rudun rana ya ba da haske, ya ba shi wani asiri mai ban mamaki.

Tun daga shekara ta 1830, mai maye gurbin Joseph Riedel (ɗan ɗan Franz, ya auri 'yarsa), bayan yayi nazarin gwajin gwagwarmayar mahaifinsa, ya kafa samfurin samfurin launin rawaya (nau'o'i daban-daban), gilashi (duhu) da kuma gilashin uranium ruby. Har zuwa 1848 (shekarar Yusufu Riedel mutuwar) samar da kayan gado, da tabarau, da tabarau, da kumfa, da maballin, Sai kawai ƙara.

A lokaci guda kuma, masanan Birtaniya sun ba da kyauta ga Sarauniyar Victoria matuka biyu da aka yi da gilashin uranium wanda aka rubuta. Wannan hujja tana ba da hujjar cewa ba wai kawai a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech ba, har ma a Ingila, masanan sunyi amfani da sababbin samfurori na kayan gilashi.

Uranium Glassware: Mass Production

Ƙara yawan kundin kayan aiki a ko'ina cikin Turai (Faransa, Netherlands, Belgique, Ingila) ya zama sanannen gilashi da kuma kayan ado. A Czech kadai, a bisan Joachimshtahl dake Bohemia, kafin 1898, an samar da fiye da ton 1,600 na kowane nau'i na gilashin uranium.

Tun daga shekara ta 1830, Gusev shuka a Rasha ya fara samar da samfurori irin wannan.

Yellow da kore gilashin uranium sun kasance mai sauki. Don a saki shi, an yi amfani da cajin barium da caji tare da ƙara da potassium da boron, wanda ya ba da haske mai tsanani.

Har 1896 (gano radioactivity AA Becquerel) hakar kuma yin amfani da uranium tama ba iyaka, akwai kawai damar ware radium daga gare su.

Ayyukan

Gilashin Uranium lokacin da ake shafan UV haskoki yana canja wurin makamashi zuwa wani yanki na bakan gizo - kore. Kuma wannan rashawa ta biyu ya rushe ba tare da ci gaba da zanen lamarin ba. Ana kiran wannan dukiya mai suna fluorescence. Wannan siffar ba dukkan fentin launin rawaya da samfurori ba ne, amma kawai gilashin uranium. Hoton batutuwa a ƙarƙashin radiation na UV ya tabbatar da amincin da kuma tattara abubuwa.

Yanki mai hadari?

Gilashin Uranium tare da babban mataki na fluorescence ya kamata ya ƙunshi daga 0.3 zuwa 6% na uranium oxides. Ƙara yawan ƙaddamarwa yana rage yanayin lumana, da kuma abun ciki na gubar a cikin cajin, amma ƙara yawan rediyo (radiation).

Gilashin gilashi, kamar kowa da kowa kafin 1939, ba su san game da mummunar cutar uranium da hadarin radiation ba. Tattaunawar kai tsaye tare da ores, tsawon zama tare da su a cikin haɗari mai haɗari ya haifar da cututtuka marasa fahimta, sau da yawa yana ƙarewa tare da mutuwar mashãwarta.

Amma samfurori na gilashin uranium sun yada a ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma babu wanda ya ji wani rashin jin daɗi kuma bai yi rashin lafiya ba, yana kusa da su. Me ya sa?

Hanyoyin samfurin samfurin daga gilashin uranium sunyi kasa - daga 20 zuwa 1500 microR / hour, iyakar iyakokin da ake iyaka shine 30 microR / awa. Wannan yana nufin cewa, idan da dama abubuwa daga gilashin uranium, ya kamata ka tsaya a gefen su har zuwa fiye da shekaru goma don samun cutar radiation.

Ƙaddamar da samar da gilashin uranium

Kafin fashewa na yakin duniya na biyu, uranium ba shi da sha'awar masana kimiyya. Sai kawai a 1939, lokacin da aka samo wani samfurin samfurin sifa tare da sakin makamashi mai zurfi, an samo samfurin bam din nukiliya a kan uranium. Kuma a lokacin ci gaba da buƙatar kariyar uranium an buƙaci.

Ba a dakatar da gilashin uranium ba sai kusan 50s na karni na ashirin.

An yi rajistar dukkanin ajiyar nauyin uranium a dukkan ƙasashe, kuma a Ingila, an kaddamar da "gilashin gilashi" kawai ba kawai albarkatun kasa ba, amma har ma sun gama samfurori.

A yau, ana samar da gilashin uranium a mafi yawan yawa a Amurka da Jamhuriyar Czech. Kamar yadda dyes amfani da tsautsayi uranium, sakamakon enrichment na uranium na makaman nukiliya man fetur. Glassware daga gilashin uranium, kamar sauran kayayyakin, yana da tsada daidai, yayin da ya kasance mai karfin gaske.

Yadda za a ƙayyade gilashin uranium?

Idan kayi la'akari da hannun jari na tsohuwar zamanin (Soviet) a cikin gefen gida, a gida, a cikin ɗaki, za ka iya samo wani tudu mai launin rawaya ko kore, wadda, watakila, zai haskaka a hasken rana. Abubuwan ɗayan abubuwa na iya zama rawaya ko gishiri na gishiri, ashtrays, vases, gilashin, maɓalli, beads, har ma da tsohuwar ƙofar kofa (taga).

Kasuwancin kasuwa suna da duk abubuwan da ke sama. Tattaunawa, zaku iya zama mai mallakin rassan farin ciki.

Tabbatar cewa shi ne na uranium gilashin abubuwa, wajibi ne da UV fitila da wata Geiger counter. Sai dai a wannan hanya ne masu karɓar gaske suke.

Tsohuwar Uranium

Saboda gaskiyar cewa gilashin uranium aka samar da taro, yawancin abubuwa na launin rawaya da launin kore sun kasance a cikin yawan jama'a. A wasu lokuta, suna da sha'awar tarihi, wani lokaci - tsoho, tarin.

Vases daga gilashin uranium, wanda aka gabatar a cikin kasidu na tashoshin ƙasashe da dama, an yi su ne a sassa daban-daban, daga Biedermeier (karni na sha tara) zuwa Art Deco (ashirin).

Har ila yau masu tarawa suna sha'awar siffofin dabbobi da tsuntsaye daga gilashin uranium, kwalabe da kofuna, kayan ado - faranti, saucers, saucers, tabarau, sunyi ruwan inabi.

Uranium samfurori a Amurka

A cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi, gilashin uranium a karni na 20 ya zama da aka sani da "zane-zane" saboda irin wannan launi tare da maganin shafawa guda daya. Glass, fãce bayyanannu, da rawaya da kore, a subspecies - da Carnival (tare da launi abun da ake sakawa), mawuyacin gilashin (duk kayayyakin, ko da kuwa style, saki a Amurka a lokacin da girma mawuyacin), Brewing (opaque kodadde rawaya), Jade (opaque kodadde Green), Burma (opaque da tabarau na kodadde ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya).

A ina ne ake amfani da additattun amfani da uranium?

Na ₂ U ₂ Ya ₇ - sodium uranate - painters amfani da wani rawaya pigment. Don zane na layi da cakula (glaze, enamels) a cikin baki, launin ruwan kasa, launin kore da launin rawaya, an yi amfani da nau'o'in uranium na digiri daban-daban na yin amfani da oxidation. An yi amfani da Uronalilnitrate a farkon karni na ashirin a cikin daukar hoto - don bunkasa abubuwan da ke tattare da mahimmanci da kuma kayan daji, ta hanyar yaduwa da launin ruwan kasa.