Gini index

Daya daga cikin mafi tsanani matsaloli ga kasashe masu tasowa ne samun kudin shiga rashin daidaito. A mafi girma ta sikelin, da karin mutane a kasar fara jin wata ma'ana na rashin adalci. Rashin kudi take kaiwa zuwa wani m damuwa don gobe, wanda zai iya kai ga daban-daban da tsakaitãwa.

A cikin karni na ashirin, tattalin arziki sun samu wata hanya zuwa ga auna da hankali na gaskiya dangane da rarraba kudin shiga da yin amfani da daban-daban na ilimin kididdiga hanyoyi. A Gini index ne kawai daya daga wadannan Manuniya. Wannan nuna alama bayyana a cikin tattalin arzikin a 1912 saboda da Italian demography da statistics Korrado Dzhini.

A Gini coefficient damar da lissafi na samun kudin shiga rashin daidaito a kasar. Its dabi'u ne a cikin kewayon daga 0 to 1. Karamin da darajar zama Gini index, da mafi ɗaya rarraba a jihar Saide. Conversely, idan wannan nuna alama o ƙarin tabbatar da hadin kai, mafi yawan samun kudin shiga ne da mayar da hankali a hannun wani karamin sashi na yawan jama'a.

A Gini coefficient. lissafi

Lissafi na nuna alama samar amfani da Lorenz kwana zane. Nuna a fakaice yankin a daure ta da Lorenz kwana da layin kyau a matsayin A, da kuma yankin kasa kamar yadda B. Sa'an nan Gini index ne daidai da wani quotient samu ta hanyar rarraba A to (A + B). Tun A + B = 0.5, sa'an nan mu nuna alama za a iya lasafta kamar haka: D = 2 * A = 1-2 * B. Idan muka bayyana da rabo a matsayin aiki na Lorentz Y = L (X), da darajar B za a iya samu ta amfani da na game.

A halin da ake ciki janar a duniya ne kamar haka:

A Gini index a cikin kasashen da suke kunshe a cikin Turai kungiyar, kamar Slovenia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Czech Republic, shi ne a cikin kewayon daga 0.2 zuwa 0.3. Wannan ba ya nufin cewa albashi na dukan mazaunan wadannan kasashe su ne a wannan matakin ba, sai dai cewa da kasa da dũkiya ne a ko'ina rarraba. A kowace kasa akwai mafi girma, m da kuma tsakiyar strata al'umma, wanda suna da nasu musamman siffofin dukiya da kuma samun kudin shiga, amma akwai fili matalauta kuma a fili m.

A wadannan kasashe, wanda tattalin arzikin da raya, kamar Japan, Birtaniya, Jamus, Spain, Faransa da Portugal, da Gini coefficient ne wani talakawan na game da 0,35. Babban kafofin na jari ne Enterprises da kuma kungiyoyi aiki a banki da kuma masana'antu kansu. Biyu main kungiyoyin za a iya bambanta a cikin al'umma: mafi m, kuma daya cewa shi ne mafi yiwuwa ga tattalin arziki tunkaro da kuma kudi crises.

A kasashen da suke da da Gini coefficient ne high (daga 0,45 zuwa 0,55 da kuma wani lokacin mafificin 0.6), ciki har da Rasha, da Amurka, Venezuela, Brazil, Guatemala, Namibia, El Salvador, Bolivia, da kuma Haiti Zimbabwe. Yana iya ze kamar wadannan ne babban kasashe kamar Amurka da kuma Rasha ya zama a cikin wannan jerin tare da Afirka da Latin Amurka? Mafi m, amsar da yake a cikin rashin daidaito eradication ayyuka da cewa kowace jiha aiwatar da kansa hanya da kuma samun dacewa da sakamakon.

Kamar yadda daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a inganta uniformity da rarraba kudin shiga da aka dauke su da arziki na jihar goyon baya ga ilimi, zamantakewa da tsaro da kuma harkokin kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu mutane da low samun kudin shiga don samun ilmi, a adana kiwon lafiya da kuma zama mafi m game da su a nan gaba.

A gaba Hanyar magance rashin daidaito yakan haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin haraji na 'yan kasa, musamman, gabatarwar m samun kudin shiga da haraji rates. Flat kudi haraji na samun kudin shiga na yawan jama'ar, wanda, misali, akwai a Rasha, take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa matalauta suna samun poorer da arziki ci gaba da ƙara ya arziki.

Hakika, za ka iya amfani da wani hada m, duk da haka, shi ne sabon, matuƙa, hanyoyi daban-daban don inganta rarraba da tattalin arzikin duniya kudaden shiga ne har yanzu ba a sani ba.