M zarra: wani photo, wata alama ce. Na iya zama m zarra? Shin akwai wani nan gaba ga m zarra?

A karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Japan biranen Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, biyu nukiliya ragargaza aka ragu. A sabon makami shi ne mafi m a tarihin dan Adam. A tarzomar nukiliya makamai tseren tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka ta kara bunkasa fargabar al'ummomin kasa da kasa da makaman nukiliya factor. Duk da haka, ban da makaman nukiliya warheads, kuma akwai zaman lafiya zarra. By cewa jumlar nufin makamashin nukiliya.

Ka'idar aiki na NPP

The aiki na wani nukiliya dauki ne fission na zarra. Don ta hanyar, shi wajibi ne ya rike wani neutron bombardment na uranium-235 nuclei. A mafi karami barbashi an raba guntu-guntu, ta haka ne samar da wani gagarumin adadin gamma-haskoki da kuma zafi.

M zarra iya zama m kawai a karkashin m iko, dole ne a ga NPP. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin fission neutrons bayyana cewa kirkiro sabbin sarkar halayen. Uncontrolled kẽwayẽwa da wani nuclei take kaiwa zuwa wani fashewa. Wannan manufa underlies aiki na atomic da bama-bamai. Ikon shuke-shuke sarrafawa da wannan tsari, da kuma wuce haddi da makamashi ne directed cikin wani amfani tashar ga mutane.

Uranium-235

Nukiliya man fetur kafin amfani da aka sanya a cikin na musamman sanduna. An adana a cikin nau'i na katsin sanya na uranium oxide. Ya kamata a fahimci cewa wannan abu ne ba uniform. 3% na irin Allunan hada da uranium-235 (a lokacin da dauki da aka raba daya), kuma sauran a matsayin 238 (wannan isotope ba rarrabu).

Me ya sa muke bukatar irin wannan dangantaka? Don ci gaba da aiwatar a karkashin iko. Aiki fission reactor farawa dauki. A cikin shakka daga ta ci gaba da uranium-235 da aka rage. A lokaci guda, shi qara adadin fission kayayyakin. Wannan sharar nukiliya. Su gagarumar barazana ga muhalli, saboda haka, dole ne a zubar da yadda ya kamata. Na iya zama m zarra? Kamar yadda gani daga bayyana fasaha, kawai a lokacin da tsananin lura da dokoki da daftarin aiki samar.

Fage bayyanar

Makaman nukiliya (atomic) makamashi samo asali a cikin tsakiyar XX karni. Tun daga nan, daruruwan nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke (a halin yanzu aiki 442) aka gina a duniya. M zarra bayar da fiye da rabin na makamashin da ake bukata a Faransa, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden da kuma Koriya ta Kudu. A yammacin Turai, nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke samar game da daya bisa uku na wutar lantarki.

Yana duk ya fara a 1939, lokacin da uranium fission aka gano a Jamus. Jamus bincike ne musamman sha'awar da Tarayyar Soviet. Masana kimiyya da zarar ya bayyana cewa kawai an bude aiwatar da damar da babbar yawa makamashi. Idan da masana gudanar ya koyi yadda za a sarrafa hadaddun halayen, shi zai magance da yawa daga matsalolin tattalin. A farko Soviet bincike alaka da zaman lafiya zarra, aka gudanar a Rian (Radium Cibiyar da Academy of Sciences) a karkashin jagorancin mashawarta likita Igor Kurchatov.

A nukiliya tseren

The aiki na Soviet masana kimiyya hampered saboda rashin da Tarayyar Soviet ta mallaka reserves na uranium. Bugu da kari, a cikin 1941, Mai girma Patriotic War kuma neman sauyi binciken ya manta. Da wannan bango, da ajanda da aka intercepted a Birtaniya, Amurka da kuma Jamus. A paradox ta'allaka ne da cewa makaman nukiliya ikon ya fito a matsayin wani offshoot na militarist aikin. Hakika, kasashen suka yi yãƙi, a cikin na farko wuri kokarin samun mafi makami ne mai iko, sa'an nan zuwa ga tunani a kan zaman lafiya hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su binciken.

A farko gwaji nukiliya reactor da aka kaddamar a Amurka a watan Disamba 1942. Project shugaban ne Italian masanin kimiyya Enrico Fermi. A Tarayyar Soviet, da farko reactor bayyana a cikin marigayi 1946 a Cibiyar Atomic Energy. By wannan lokaci shi ya ɗauki Amurka harin bom na Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet halitta atomic bam a shekarar 1949, da kuma hydrogen - a 1953. The yaki ne a kan, da kuma masana kimiyya sun fara shirya wani nukiliya reactor gudu a kan kasa tattalin arzikin tarayyar Soviet.

NPP Construction

A farko nukiliya ikon shuka a duniya aka kaddamar a bazara 1954 shekara. Yana da aka Obninsk nukiliya Power Plant, dake a cikin Kaluga yankin. A Amurka a bit marigayi kuma fara aiwatar da wani atomic makamashi aikin. A shekarar 1956, jama'ar {asar Amirka karo na farko nasara a yin amfani da reactor don samun wutar lantarki. A hankali, biyu superpowers tushen sabon nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Kowace daga cikinsu ta doke wani rikodin ikon.

A ganiya na ci gaba nukiliya ikon zo a cikin biyu da rabi na 1960s. Sa'an nan kuma, yawan makaman nukiliya ikon shuka yi ayyukan fara raguwa. A Amurka Congress da kimiyya al'umma ya fara tattaunawa a kan al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da aminci daga cikin lumana zarra. Duk da haka, ta 1986 da wutar lantarki da samar a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke kai alamar 15% na girma samar da al'ada ikon shuke-shuke.

makamashin nukiliya alama

A shekarar 1958 a birnin Brussels, wanda ya shirya wani Duniya ta Fair, ya bude da Atomium. Sama da zane ra'ayi na m Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium dubi yadda ya karu da baƙin ƙarfe crystal raga tara kwayoyin halitta da alaka da juna. Tsarin nauyi - 2,400 tons, da tsawo ne 102 mita. Masu ziyara iya samun a shida daga cikin tara duniyoyin. Wadannan model atoms ya ɗaukaka a da ɗari biliyan sau, haɗa juna ashirin 23-mita bututu. Ciki su ne farfajiyoyi da kuma escalators.

Photo na "m zarra", wanda ya bayyana a Brussels, a tsakiyar nukiliya zamanin, da sauri yada a duniya, da kuma Atomium ya zama alama ce da duka makamashin nukiliya da ra'ayin cewa juyin juya halin Musulunci binciken kimiyya ya kamata a yi amfani domin amfanin 'yan Adam, ba domin yaki da halaka. Belgium yawon shakatawa janye aka ambata a cikin labari da ya shahara Soviet almarar kimiyya marubuta Strugatsky yan'uwa "Litinin fara ranar Asabar". m zarra alama ce bayyana a kan sa na zane, kazalika a kan posters, kishin makamashin nukiliya.

muhalli factor

Matsalar gurbacewar muhalli da rediyoaktif tõzarta zama mafi gaggawa a kowace shekara. Alal misali, a cikin zamani Rasha lumana zarra tsunduma ma'aikatan 10 nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Duk wadannan kamfanonin bukatar kulawa ta musamman wajen kula da muhalli da kuma hukumomin gwamnati.

A cikin kungiyar tarayyar Turai a kowace shekara accumulates 50 dubu cubic mita radioactive. A key matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa irin wannan sharar gida ya zauna a kawo hadari ga dubban shekaru (misali, wani lokaci na lalata da plutonium-239 ne 24,000 shekaru).

Zubar da sharar gida

Yau, akwai da dama Concepts a kan yadda mafi kyau ga rabu da sharar nukiliya. A farko ra'ayin shi ne ya haifar da riƙe da suke a kan kasa na tekuna. Yana da wuya a aiwatar Hanyar. Kwantena ya kamata a wani babba zurfin, a Bugu da kari, za su iya lalata teku halin yanzu.

Na biyu ra'ayin da aka dauke su NASA, wanda bayar aika sharar nukiliya a sararin samaniya. Irin wannan hanya ne hadari ga Duniya, amma shi ne fraught tare da wuce kima bayar wa. Akwai sauran ideas: don fitarwa sharar zuwa inda ba wanda yake zaune tsibirin ko binne su a cikin kankara na Antarctica. Amma mafi m aka yanzu dauke da zaɓi na gina mounds a dutsen tsarin karkashin kasa. Nazarin alaka da wannan ra'ayin, ci gaba da za a gudanar a Jamus da kuma Switzerland.

A darasi na nuclear

Na dogon lokaci, makamashin nukiliya da aka dauke uncontested. Don da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, cikin lumana zarra a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sauran kasashe ci gaba da tattalin arziki bazuwa. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1986, akwai wani bala'i a chernobye, wanda ya tilasta wa mutãne sake tunani ta irin hali to nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. A tashar, kusa da Pripyat, wani bam ya faru, sakamakon wanda ya halakar da reactor da saki a cikin muhalli mai yawa m rediyoaktif abubuwa.

Shahararren Soviet slogan "m zarra a cikin kowane gida" aka damuwa. A farko 'yan watanni 30 ne suka mutu bayan da hatsari. Duk da haka, da gaskiya sakamakon sakawa a iska mai guba ce daga baya. A m shekaru, a cikin mãyen wani mummunan cuta mutu da dama mutane. Dubban Soviet jama'a sun kasance a cikin kamuwa da yankin. Manyan wuraren Belarus, Ukraine da kuma Rasha sun zama m ga aikin noma. A hatsari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka ya kawo ~ arkewar na zamantakewa phobia dangane da makamashin nukiliya. Bayan da bala'i, da yawa gidajen da aka rufe a duk faɗin duniya.

Ko da yake a kan shekaru 30 na matakan tsaro a wadannan kamfanonin sun lura da cewa inganta, a rubuce bala'i kama nuclear iya faruwa a sake. A taron na hatsarori, duk kafin da kuma bayan nuclear: a shekara ta 1957 - a United Kingdom (Windscale), a shekarar 1979 - da Amurka (Three Mile Island), a shekarar 2011 - da Japan (Fukushima). Yau, da hukumar IAEA tattara bayanai a kan fiye da 1000 m events a cikin tashoshin. Sanadin hatsarori: mutum kuskure (80%), m sau da yawa - zane flaws. A Fukushima a Japan, da gaggawa ya faru saboda da iko da girgizar kasa da kuma tsunami.

Al'amurra na makamashin nukiliya

Tambayar ko akwai wani nan gaba domin zaman lafiya makamashin nukiliya, daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi ne da wuya da kuma kiwata da yawa da rigingimu na masana. Saboda da manyan yawan hus? Dalilai na gaba shi ne m, kuma m. Recent tsinkaya cewa saki da Makamashi ta Duniya Agency, yana mai cewa idan halin yanzu trends ci gaba da rabo daga wutar lantarki da samar da makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, zai fada a 2030 daga 15% zuwa 9%.

Har kwanan nan, makaman nukiliya ikon ne a bukatar ciki har saboda high man farashin. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2014, sun fadi gunaguni ƙwarai. Saboda haka, akwai wani madadin zuwa nukiliya ikon cheapened. Yana da muhimmanci cewa zarra lumana mutane kawai samar da wutar lantarki (cewa shi ne, ko da idan tartsatsi amfani iya ba gaba daya kawar da jama'a na makamashi dogara).

Man ko da wutar lantarki?

Mai, duk da kome, yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da kuma sufuri. Game da 40% na makamashi da cewa an cinye United States, bayar da cewa hanya. Daga dogara a kan man fetur ba zai rabu da Japan da kuma Faransa (ko da yake suna rayayye ta yin amfani da NPP). Saboda haka ne babu wani nan gaba ga m zarra, ko shi yana wanzuwa, su zauna a inuwar "black zinariya"? Wadannan trends bayar da shawarar cewa shuka ba a baya. Duk da haka, wasu 'yan aukuwa sun ba makamashin nukiliya wani sabon damar.

Muna magana ne game da bayyanar da motocin da cewa gudu a kan fetur ba, kuma wutar lantarki. Yau, irin motocin suna ƙara samun Amurka da Turai kasuwanni. Bayan da dama shekaru da dama lantarki motocin za su zama na kullum. Sai a wannan lokaci domin ceto tattalin arzikin duniya na iya zo a sake lumana zarra. NPP iya warware matsalar da taba-kara bukatun da kasashe daban-daban a cikin wutar lantarki.

Fusion makamashi

Akwai wani hangen zaman gaba, a cikin abin da zaman lafiya zarra iya yin tattalin arziki rabo mai girma. Daya daga cikin manyan matsaloli hade tare da cewa su ne ecologically lafiya aiki na nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. The tambaya da wuya daga cikin jana'izar radioactive, kuma sun ciyar da man fetur ba Yunƙurin zuwa da ra'ayin reformatting na nukiliya reactors a cikin sabon atomic fe. Irin wannan Enterprises zai zama gaba daya lafiya ga muhalli. Amma kafin fasahar na lumana zarra za a sa a cikin samar, masana za su yi tafiya dogon hanya.

Yau a kan thermonuclear aikin an riga aiki teams daga 33 ƙasashe. Globality aikin da thermonuclear man fetur ne ya sa ta a jam'i na anfanin ta. Shi ne ba kawai hadari ga yanayi, amma kuma inexhaustible. A zama dole hanya zuwa masana kimiyya - deuterium, wanda aka samu daga cikin teku. Babban fasaha bambanci thermonuclear tashar daga NPP ne cewa sabon Enterprises fe (nukiliya fission ne da za'ayi a kan tsohon nukiliya ikon shuka) zai faru. Zai yiwu shi ne a cikin wannan fasaha shi ne nan gaba na lumana zarra.