Haraji na Rasha asashe. Tarihi Association of Rasha

A XIII karni kasar da aka ƙãre ta wulãkantãwa karkiya, wanda ya bar Mongol ci. A kasar da aka fragmented a kananan da ya fi girma da mulkoki, wanda feuded Mezhuyev kansu. Kan aiwatar da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe ya jinkirin da tsawon karni biyu. Wanda a tarihi ya nuna kansa a matsayin mai tara na Rasha ƙasashe? Akwai da dama fice sarakuna, wanda ya tuba a cikin wani mai jiwuwa fragmented Rus Rasha.

Fitowan na Moscow sarauta

Mutuwa mai girma Alexander Nevsky kasaftawa zuwa da ƙaramin ɗansa, biyu-shekara Daniel kankanin gado, wanda ya tsaya a tsakiyar birnin Moscow. Kawai shekara goma sha biyar Daniil Aleksandrovich ya ci sarauta a ƙasashensu tare da mai kula, kokarin zaman lafiya da kasashe makwabtanta, kamar yadda ya rauni.

Sahaban kiyasta cikin lumana rai na Moscow sarauta, da kuma ja mutane a cikin shi. Moscow ne sannu a hankali overgrown m shagunan, craft nazarinsa. Kawai a karshen rayuwarsa Daniil Aleksandrovich a haɗe zuwa ga ƙasar Kolomna, ya buɗe hanyar da Volga, kuma Pereslavl-Zaleski, wanda shi ne "key" zuwa babban birnin Vladimir. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa wannan shi ne na farko haraji na Rasha asashe. Ya mutu a farkon na XVI karni da kuma aka tsira ta wurin 'ya'ya maza biyar, wanda ya ci gaba da manufofin.

Ivan Danilovich

Prince Ivan na huɗu, ɗan da Daniyel, da fatan sarauta a Moscow, ya kusan ya ba. Amma uku mazan 'yan'uwa - Yuri, Boris da St. Athanasius - ya rasu ya bar babu magada. Saboda haka, a cikin 1325 m, a cikin arba'in da biyu shekara sarautar fara a cikin Moscow asashe Ivan na Danilovich. A wannan shekara, shugabanni sun sau da yawa ya mutu, kuma Prince Ivan rayuwa ta fara. A wannan lokacin babu wanda ya san cewa ya - wani haraji na Rasha asashe.

Bayan shekaru biyu, a Tver kashe taro. Wannan gida tawaye je, a Rasha Mongolian punitive yaƙin neman zaɓe. Prince Ivan aka tilasta tafi zuwa kashe da tawaye a Tver da kuma sakamakon da aka girma Novgorod da Kostroma, kuma gadon sarautar da Grand Duke Vladimir.

Conventionally, Ivan Kalita ne babban basarake na duk shugabannin Rasha, a dama da ya ba sarautar a Vladimir. Kahu sosai domin ta kowane hanya, Ivan Kalita. Haraji na Rasha ƙasashe united ecclesiastical dalĩli a Moscow, wanda kafin ya a Vladimir, tare da wadanda mutane. Don wannan karshen, a 1326, ya aza wa Shrine na Our Lady of Lardi Bitrus. Kuma bayan rasuwar Orthodox Kalita Sashen zauna a Moscow. Kamar shi ko Rasha sarakuna bai so, amma Moscow haɗa kan bangaskiya dukan arewa-maso-gabas.

Hali Ivan na Danilovich

Ya kauce masa ta hanyar duk yana nufin rikici da taro, domin keta lumana tafarkin rayuwa. Haraji a gare shi da aka neme su tattara daga duk kan Rasha, da kuma aika shi zuwa taro bayan da Tver tawaye. Amma shi ya wuya. All karkashin wani pretext, musamman Novgorod, ya nema ya kubuce biyan haraji. Na yi mamayewa tsoro, da girman kai, mutumci kyautai. Musamman wuya ya zama dole lokacin da taro bukaci farkon biyan bashin. Bugu da kari, ya zama dole don mayar da oda cikin da tauri ga yarjejeniyar da 'yan fashi suka kai hari a kan ayarin haraji, da kuma fararen hula. Saboda haka, karu a yawan sace, yin rayuwa sauki ga talakawa mutane.

m laƙabi

Ya laƙabi "Kalita" (walat, kudi jakar) Prince Ivan samu ga ikon sarrafa kudi, wanda ya readily rarraba wa gajiyayyu a fita daga bẽnãye. Nan da nan ya kewaye da wani taro, da kuma kowane aka tsabar kudin.

Ko da wannan mutumin ya zo ya yi da shi a 'yan sau, yarima ba ki. Saboda haka, ya samu wani sunan barkwanci - Good. Bugu da kari, zai iya ajiye, ko da yaushe aika wani dace haraji, saboda baya daga gare shi, daga Rasha sarakuna a cikin taro babu wanda kuma ya tafi. Wannan ya kai ga gaskiya cewa m dama don sadarwa tare da taro da aka gyarawa da kuma gãje. Money tara Ivan Danilovich zubar da amfani na sarauta: saya Uglich, Galich da Belozersk. Saboda haka shi ya kasance wani haraji na Rasha asashe.

domesticity

The prince aka aure sau biyu. Farko da matar Helen ya zato 'yar sarkin Smolensk. Na biyu matar da aka da Juliana, wanda Ivan ya hagu mai arziki wasiyya da zinariya ado matarsa ta farko.

"Shiru mai girma"

Kuma saita zuwa 1328 da 1340 da kasar ta dogon jiran zaman lafiya. Ba "m" da aka fi yankunan da hare-hare. Gina da kuma girma cikin birni, da wata alƙarya ba daya hallaka, da kuma ba a dauka a cika, ya karu, kafa zaman lafiya da shiru rayuwa, da aka ajiye kusa da karfin fada da mangolawa. Prince Ivan Kalita kammala dynastic aure na da 'ya'ya maza da' ya'ya mata ga Yaroslavl, Rostov kuma Belozersky sarakuna don a jefa su ƙaddara. A gaje Saminu Ivanovich aure da 'yar Gediminas, domin tabbatar da tsaro na yammacin kan iyakoki. Prince Ivan Danilovich - a matsayin haraji na Rasha asashe. Shi ne bayan shakka.

A wannan lokaci, Ivan Danilovich ƙarfafa Moscow. A Borovitsky tudun ya gina biyar Cathedrals. Metropolitan Bitrus da hannunsa aza na farko da dutse daga cikin Cathedral na ɗauka. Saboda haka Moscow aka canza kama zuwa wani addini babban birnin kasar.

Ivan Danilovich a 1339 gina wani sturdy oak Kremlin. Sai ya zama mai muhimmanci al'amarin. Bayan duk, mangolawa ne sosai m na duk wani yunkurin karfafa birane. Kafin mutuwarsa, yarima dauki alkawuransu kuma bar magaji zuwa babban ɗansa Saminu. Bayan jana'izar Ivana Kality a 1340, da 'ya'yansa kammala ado multicolor fentin Ibada, da umarnin da jewelers al'ada kayayyakinsa, jefa sabon karrarawa a belfry.

Followers of mahaifinsa da kakan ta harka

Policy, wadda aka gudanar ta hanyar Ivan Kalita, wani haraji na Rasha asashe, a takaice, ya ci gaba da 'ya'yansa maza Saminu Proud Ivan da kuma Red. Sun koya kome daga ubansa - don samun tare da kasashe makwabtanta da kuma taro, pacify kangararrun kyauta ko barazana. A Rasha a dukan ya kasance m. Kuma haka lokaci ya wuce. Na tafi har a 1359. Domin da shekara talatin, duniya ya karu da wani tsaran mutane wanda bai san hare-hare na mangolawa. Amma sarkin, wanda daraja ba Fade ta wurin zamanai, Dmitry Ivanovich, ba zai zo sharuddan da tattalin arziki da siyasa dogara a kan Rasha taro. Mangolawa ya ba tsohon hadin kai. Suka tsage baya da ciki saba wa juna. Dmitry Ivanovich yanke shawarar ya dauki amfani da dama lokacin da kifar da karkiya.

Ya lashe a farkon kaka 1380 jini Kulikov yaƙi, fatattakar Mamayev sojojin. Amma lokacin da total kwata 'yanci na Rasha ya zo ba tukuna. Bayan shekaru biyu, da sojojin Tokhtamysh lalatar da kuma ƙone Moscow, da kuma sake shugabannin Moscow, da wulakanci, kuma mariri, ya tafi zuwa ga taro khans da kyautai da kuma samu lakabin sarauta.

Ivan - karshe tara na Rasha asashe

Dan Prince Vasily makafi, wanda aka makantar a lokacin internecine yaƙe-yaƙe na sauran Rasha sarakunan da suke da babban burinsu, tare da shekaru takwas na zaune kusa da mahaifinsa da kuma shi ne ya co-regent. Yana da aka tauri, ko da m makaranta. Prince Vasili kansa ya m m, amma ɗansa shi ya da wani iko dattaku. Ya koma kursiyin a Moscow a 1462, ya bai je Mongolia ga lakabin sarauta. Lokacin da shi Muscovy kafe asashe da kuma mutane. Ya gama karfi da fragmentation na jihar. Lokacin da ta faru Accession Yaroslavsky (1463), Rostov (1474) Tver (1485) da mulkoki da Vjatskoj ƙasar (1489). A 1478 da ya hallakar da Jamhuriyar Novgorod da kuma gaba daya hore birni zuwa ga ƙasa kanta. Hakika, shi ne Grand Duke - wani haraji na Rasha asashe.

A sake fasalin kudin na Moscow Kremlin

M da kuma manyan-sikelin fara aiki a 1495. Aka kone duk saurã daga tsohuwar ganuwar da Kremlin, gina sabon hasumiya, da ganuwar high, flooded da kogin Neglinka.

Sai ya juya cikin wani lake, wanda aka kulle ta Kremlin a arewa da wuta da kuma abokan gaba. Suka haƙa wata tsanya tare gabas garun, ya tafi don samun ruwa daga cikin lake. A Kremlin zama impregnable tsibirin. A 1479 muka gina wani sabon Cathedral na ɗauka a cikin Kremlin. Sa'an nan da Italiya gina da Palace na fuskoki dabam-dabam. Yana da aka yi nufi ga receptions na jakadun} asashen waje. Akwai da dama majami'u da kuma haikalin an ma gina, da kuma Kremlin ya zama gaba daya unrecognizable.

Personal rai

Grand Prince of Moscow da aka yi aure sau biyu. Tu iyalinsa sun m jayayya. Ivan Young, dan da matarsa ta farko, shi ne magajin. Amma ya nacewa ƙi mahaifinsa biyu matarsa, Sophia Palaeologus, da kuma 'ya'yanta. New Greek iyali karɓa masa guda ƙiyayya.

A 1490, Ivan Sun rashin lafiya. Greek mace bã shi likita, kuma ya mutu. Ivan III sanya waliyyinsa dan Ivan da Young, Dmitri. Amma Basil, ɗan fari na Sophia, wa'adi da mahaifina da cewa ya gudu zuwa Lithuania da kuma za a fara da shi a yaƙi domin kursiyin. Ivan III ya kuma gãdar da kursiyin zuwa Vasily. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Vasily duk zumunta aika zuwa kurkuku, inda suka rasu. Amma kafin zuwa faru da wani gagarumin taron na Rasha.

A cikin Ugra River

Tun 1476, Ivan III daina biya haraji ga taro. Taro samu damu da fara tattara karfin a cikin watan Maris a birnin Moscow. A 1480, sojojin na Great taro, wanda aka niƙa ta wannan lokaci uku Khanate, yaƙe, jagorancin Akhmad Khan, kai kusan xari kilomita na Moscow. Yana da aka marigayi kaka. Taro sau da dama ya yi kokarin wuce kogin Ugra, amma yunkurin da aka mayar da manyan bindigogi, wanda Ivan III sake tsarafa da kuma sanya m ga duk mafi kyau samfurori.

Army umarta ta Ivan Young. Ivan III da kansa bai je sojoji, da kuma shirya kuma Muka tsĩrar da harsasai, fodder da abinci. A 'yan makonni akwai ƙungiya biyu suka haɗu a kan daban-daban tarnaƙi na Ugra. Frosts hit, da kuma Han Ahmat ya jagoranci sojojin da baya. Kamar wancan ƙare a 240-shekara karkiya.

Lokacin da sarakuna na Moscow ya nuna dukan Rasha al'umma, cewa su ba su yarda da iya 'yantar da kasar daga Mongol karkiya, duk sympathies suna kan gefen. Amma ƙarshen m, dangane da ake bukata don ƙara ja da ikon a cikin jihar da cewa shi sake ba warwatse a cikin kananan fiefdoms. Amma yana da wani aiki da za su warware wa tsara. A halin yanzu, nasarar da aka bayyana a cikin sabon suna - da Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha.