Jam'iyyar Conservative: Shugabannin shirin. Jam'iyyar Conservative na farkon karni na 20th Rasha

A dangane da juyin juya halin Musulunci events na 1905 shi tsirar game da hamsin da jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha - da kuma shtetl, da kuma manyan, tare da wani cibiyar sadarwa na sel a ko'ina cikin kasar. Su za a iya dangana ga fannoni uku - da m neman sauyi-demokra] iyya, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma monarchist adawa Jam'iyyar Conservative na Rasha. A karshen a cikin ƙasa, kuma za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

A tsari na samar da batches

Tarihi, tsara wani iri-iri na jam'iyyun siyasa, akwai wani madaidaici tsarin. Da farko kafa jam'iyyar adawa ta hagu-reshe jam'iyyun. A lokacin juyin juya halin na 1905, da cewa shi ne, daga baya shiga na Oktoba Shelar, kafa da yawa ra'ayoyin masu sassautan jam'iyyun gama, domin mafi yawan bangare, da masana.

Kuma a karshe, ina da a dauki ga manifesto sun dama - monarchical da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya jam'iyyun a Rasha. Ban sha'awa al'amari: dukkan wadannan jam'iyyun bace daga tarihi scaffolding a baya domin: dama shiga Fabrairu juyin juya hali, sa'an nan da Oktoba juyin juya halin soke centrists. Kuma mafi yawansu hagu jam'iyyun garwaya da Bolsheviks ko wargaza a cikin 20s, a lokacin da muka fara nuna gwaji na shugabanninsu.

List of shugabannin

Jam'iyyar Conservative - babu daya - da aka ba ƙaddara su tsira 1917. Su aka haife shi a daban-daban sau, kuma sun mutu kusan lokaci guda. Jam'iyyar Conservative "Rasha taro" wanzu fiye da wani, domin shi da aka kafa a baya - a 1900. A da shi za a tattauna a kasa a more daki-daki.

Jam'iyyar Conservative "Union of Rasha Mutane" da aka kafa a 1905, shugabannin - Dubrovin kuma tun 1912 - Markov. "Union na Rasha mutane" wanzu daga 1905 zuwa 1911, sa'an nan har 1917 a zalla m. VA Gringmut Har ila yau a 1905 kafa Rasha Monarchist Party, wanda daga baya ya zama "Rasha Monarchist Union".

A highborn manya, ma, ya nasa ra'ayin mazan jiya jam'iyyar - "United nobility", kafa a 1906. Famous Rasha Mutane ta Union, sunan Michael Shugaban Mala'iku jagoranci VM Purishkevich. A kasa-Jam'iyyar Conservative "Rasha National Union" ya bace riga a 1912, shi ya jagoranci Balashov da Shulgin.

A jam'iyyar ya ƙare matsakaici hakkin ya wanzu a 1910. "All-Rasha Union Dubrovinskaya Rasha mutane" da za a iya kafa ne kawai a 1912. Har yanzu baya da Jam'iyyar Conservative "Domestic m jam'iyya" shugabannin Orlov aka halitta a 1915. Skvortsov kuma A. I. Guchkov tattara da "Union ranar sha bakwai ga watan Oktoba" a shekarar 1906 (wannan Octobrists). Wannan game da dukan manyan ra'ayin mazan jiya jam'iyyun a Rasha a farkon karni na 20th.

"Rasha taro"

St. Petersburg ya zama wurin haifuwa na PC - "Rasha taro" a watan Nuwamba 1900. Mawãƙi VL Velichko a ƙunƙuntaccen da'irar makoki da cewa shi kullum plagued da m, amma a fili annabci wahayin yadda Rasha ansu rubuce-rubucen wasu duhu sojojin. Ya samarwa don ƙirƙirar wani irin al'umma na Rasha mutane shirye su yi tsayayya da bũlãlar nan gaba. Wannan shi ne yadda za a PC Jam'iyyar fara - kyau da kuma m. Tuni a cikin Janairu 1901, ya kasance a shirye don shatan RS da shugabanni zababbu. A cikin kalmomin tarihi A. Stepanov a taron na farko, da Black Ɗari motsi zo a cikin kasancewa.

Muddin shi ba sauti haka menacing kamar yadda ka ce, shekaru goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin. A shatan aka amince da shãfe haske Sanata Durnovos dumi kalmomi cike da haske da bege. Da farko, da PC tarurruka sun yi kama da wallafe-wallafen kulob Slavophile lallashewa.

Akwai ke faruwa ga masana, jami'ai, limaman da kuma gonaki. Mun ba da fifiko ga al'adu da kuma ilimi a raga. Duk da haka, bayan juyin juya hali na 1905, ta hanyar da ayyukan, da PC ya daina zama kamar sauran mazan jiya jam'iyyun a Rasha a farkon karni na 20th. Ta zama mai haske pravomonarhicheskoy.

aiki

Da farko, da PC kwat da wando tattaunawa takardunku kuma jigo maraice. Tarurruka ya faru a ranar Jumma'a da aka kishin zamantakewa da siyasa matsaloli. Shi ne ma rare da "wallafe-wallafen Monday". Duk da "Jumma'a" ne na farko tsunduma VV Komarov, amma m da m sun fara ne a cikin kaka na 1902, lokacin da suka tsaya a kai na VL Velichko.

Tun 1901, ban da "Litinin" da "Jumma'a" fara raba tarurruka (a nan shi ne dole a lura da aiki gefe sashen, da Shugaban da Farfesa A. M. Zolotarov, to, wannan sashen ya zama mai zaman kanta kungiyar "Rasha al'umma iyakar"). Tun 1903, a karkashin shugabanci na Engelhardt zama ƙara rare "wallafe-wallafen da Talata".

Tuni a 1901, "Rasha Collection" fiye da dubu mutane, da kuma a 1902 - fiye da ɗari shida. Siyasa aiki da aka iyakance ga cewa, tun shekara ta 1904, sarki lokaci zuwa lokaci ƙaddamar ro da kuma adiresoshin na biyayya, shirya wani deputation zuwa fadar da za'ayi farfaganda a cikin latsa.

Deputations a daban-daban sau je kallon wasan tare da gabansa, Prince Golitsyn da Volkonsky, Count Apraksin, Archpriest Bogolyubov, kazalika da babu kasa da suka shahara - Engelhardt, Zolotarev, Mordvinians, Leontiev, Puryshev, Bulatov, Nicholas. Sarkin sarakuna ya ɗauki RS tawagar tare da babbar sha'awa. Conservative jam'iyyun siyasa, Nicholas II, shi za a iya ce, kauna kuma amintacce su.

RS da kuma neman sauyi hargitsi

A 1905 da kuma 1906, "Rasha Collection" kome musamman bai aikata, kuma bãbu abin da ya faru da shi, tare da togiya daga cikin post-neman sauyi madauwari cewa ya haramta kunshi wani siyasa al'umma daga gidan sarauta, sojoji sun. Sa'an nan da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya jam'iyyun rasa da yawa daga cikin Membobinta kuma ta kafa bar PC - A. M. Zolotarov.

A watan Fabrairu 1906 da RS shirya duk-Rasha majalisa a St. Petersburg. A gaskiya ma, jam'iyyar "Rasha Collection" ne kawai a 1907, lokacin da shirin na Jam'iyyar Conservative da kuma gyara da shatan aka soma. Yanzu da PC iya zaben da za a zabe su a jihar Duma, da majalisar jihar.

Dalili na shirin da aka taken: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Kasa." Babu monarchist Congress "Rasha Majalisar" ba a rasa. Duk da haka, wani m siyasa? Ungiya gudanar ya halicci sosai dogon lokaci. A farko da na biyu Duma damar MS ba ba, don haka jam'iyyar yanke shawarar ba su tsaya takara, a kan m - to zabe cikin matsananci hagu (wannan zamba a kan Octobrists da Cadets). Siyasa matsayi a cikin uku da na hudu Dumas shakka ba da shawarar a cikin mataimakan Mohammed kungiyar tare da centrists (Octo), har ma tare da tsakaita hakkin-reshe kasa jam'iyyun.

tsãgewar ƙwãyar

Har zuwa karshen 1908 a cikin monarchist sansanin taso so, wanda wuni a cikin ƙungiyoyin da yawa kungiyoyi. Alal misali, rikicin da Purishkevich Dubrovin raba "Union of Rasha Mutane", bayan da a can ya "Union Arhangela Mihaila." Ra'ayin da a RS kuma zuwa kashi. Jam'iyyar runtumi yãki, to, kula da mutuwa, amma musamman - ba komai haqqinsa mũshe.

By 1914, da RS shugabannin sun yanke shawarar a kan mai cikakkar depoliticization na jam'iyyar gan a cikin tarbiyya da al'adu fuskantarwa da dama hanyar warware rikici. Duk da haka, da yaki kara bunkasa fadace fadace a duk mutunta matsayin Markovtsev sun nan da nan ƙarshe na zaman lafiya tare da Jamus, da kuma magoya bayan Purishkevich - a kan m, suna bukatar wani yaki da m karshen. A sakamakon haka, ga Fabrairu juyin juya halin "Rasha Collection" kanta ya outlived da amfani da kuma ya zama wani karamin da'irar Slavophile shugabanci.

NRC

"Union of Rasha Mutane" - shi ne wani shiri wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative. Tebur ya nuna yadda a farkon karni na ashirin shine babban passionarnost - kowane irin al'umma, kasa bazuwar kamar namomin kaza a cikin kaka ruwan sama. NRC jam'iyyar da aka kaddamar a 1905. da ayyukan da shirye-shirye gaba ɗaya ya tsaya a kan chauvinistic har ma fiye - anti-Semitic ideas monarchical hankali.

Orthodox tsattsauran ra'ayi musamman daban-daban daga cikin ra'ayoyi na yan kungiyar. NRC da aka rayayye adawa da duk wani irin juyin da kuma parliamentarism bayar da shawarwari da hadin kai da kuma indivisibility na Rasha da kuma bayar da shawarwari da hadin gwiwa ayyuka na hukuma da kuma mutanen da za su zama a kan kome da kowa shawarwari jiki. Wannan ƙungiyar, ba shakka, an dakatar nan da nan bayan da Fabrairu juyin juya halin, kuma mafi kwanan nan, a shekarar 2005, ta yi kokarin sake haifar.

tarihi baya

Rasha kishin kasa ya taba shi kadai a duniya. A karni na sha tara alama ta tartsatsi nationalistic ƙungiyoyi. A Rasha, mai aiki siyasa aiki iya faruwa ne kawai a lokacin da wani Jihar rikicin, bayan shan kashi a yakin da Japan, da kuma cascade na juyin. Sarkin kawai ya yanke shawarar goyon bayan shirin na dama-reshe kungiyoyin a cikin al'umma.

Da farko akwai aka dauke sama da wani Elite kungiyar "Rasha Majalisar" wanda yana da kõme ba su yi tare da mutane, da kuma kawo dukkan na gudanar da ayyukanta bai samu isasshen martani. Babu shakka, irin wannan shiri su yi tsayayya da juyin juya halin iya ba. Kamar yadda, duk da haka, da sauran jam'iyyun siyasa - m, ra'ayin mazan jiya. Mutane sun ba da ake bukata da dama da hagu, kungiyoyin neman sauyi.

"Union of Rasha Mutane" kawo tare ne kawai mafi girma nobility, ya idealized pre-Petrine zamanin da kawai gane da peasantry, 'yan kasuwa da nobility, cosmopolitan kawo dukkan bai gane ko dai a matsayin mai aji ko a matsayin Layer. Gwamnatin Hakika SRL soki ga kasa da kasa da rance sanya musu, imani da cewa a cikin wannan hanya da ikon ruining Rasha mutane.

NRC da ta'addanci

Yana da aka halitta "Union of Rasha Mutane" - mafi girma na monarchical kungiya ta kashin - a kan shirin na mutane da dama a lokaci guda: likita Dubrovin, mazaunin Arseny da artist Maikova. Ya zama shugaban membobinsu a cikin "Rasha Majalisar" Alexander Dubrovin. Ya kasance mai kyau Oganeza, a siyasance m kuma mai kuzari mutum. Ya saukin samu a touch tare da gwamnati da kuma gwamnati da kuma shawo yawa cewa kawai wani taro kishin iya ajiye na yanzu hanya, shi wajibi ne don wata al'umma da za ta rike da taro ayyuka da mutum ta'addanci.

Jam'iyyar Conservative na karni na 20th fara tafiyar da ta'addanci - shi ne wani sabon abu. Duk da haka, da motsi tsiwirwirinsu goyon baya daga dukan nau'i: 'yan sanda, da siyasa, da kuma kudi. Sarki albarka NRC da zuuciya xaya a cikin bege cewa ko da mafi alhẽri tsõro rashin aiki, wanda ya nuna wasu mazan jiya jam'iyyun a Rasha.

A watan Disamba, 1905, wani taro taron, inda akwai game da dubu ashirin da dubu mutane da aka gudanar a Mikhailovsky Manege NRC. Sanya ta shahararren mutane - sanannun monarchists, bishops. Mutane nuna hadin kai da kuma babbar sha'awa. "Union of Rasha Mutane" da aka buga cikin jaridar "Rasha Standard". Sarki ya mai deputation, da kuma saurari rahotannin samu kyauta daga kungiyar tarayyar shugabanni. Alal misali, decals NRC mambobi suke sarki da kambi yarima sa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.

A halin yanzu, kira ga NRC anti-Semitic pogrom gaba daya replicated a mutane miliyoyin rubles samu daga baitul. Wannan shiri girma babbar taki, yankin tashoshin bude a kusan dukkanin manyan birane na daular, a 'yan watanni - fiye da sittin rassan.

Congress, da dokoki, da shirin

A watan Agusta, 1906 a shatan aka amince da NRC. Akwai dauke da asali ra'ayoyi na jam'iyyar, ta shirin na aikin da kuma manufar raya kasa. Wannan daftarin aiki yana dauke da mafi kyau a cikin dukan Yarjejeniya monarchical al'ummu, domin akwai wani taƙaitaccen, bayyanannu, kuma daidai a wording. A lokaci guda Congress aka gudanar shugabannin daga dukkan yankuna, don gudanar da tara wuri ɗaya da shi.

Kungiyar ta zama 'yan bindiga a saboda sabon tsarin. All talakawa wakilan jam'iyyar da aka karya up a cikin mutane da dama da kuma da dama harbe sauka a daruruwan kuma daruruwan - dubbai, bi da bi, tare da mika wuya daga cikin goma ta sarrafa da kuma shugabannin tysyatskim. Organization irin wannan shirin yana da kyau shahararsa a tsakanin mutane. Musamman aiki monarchist motsi a Kiev, kuma, wata babbar ɓangare na NRC mambobi zauna a Ukraine.

A Mikhailovsky Manege a kan wani biki a kan lokaci na da keɓewarsa ta na Banners, da banner na NRC zo warai girmama Ioann Kronshtadsky - All-Russian uba, kamar yadda aka kira. Ya ce da barka da magana, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin NRC, kuma zuwa sosai karshen an girmamawa memba na kungiyar tarayyar.

Don hana juyin da kuma kula da oda NRC sa a kan jijjiga kare kai, sau da yawa dauke da makamai. "The White Guard" daga Odessa - musamman tawagar da aka sani da irin wannan shirin. Ka'idar da samuwar kariyar kai - soja Cossack daga Cossack kyaftin, ataman da foremen. All masana'antu a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg akwai matsara.

fashewa

By da hudu majalisa na NRC shi ne na farko tsakanin Rasha monarchist jam'iyyun. Ya yi fiye da tara rassan, da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin wakilai sun mambobi na kungiyar tarayyar. Amma a lokaci guda ya fara da sabani daga cikin shugabannin. Purishkevich Dubrovin kokarin cire daga lokuta da zarar ya aikata, shi. Ya ja da kansa ga dukan Editorial kungiya aiki, da yawa daga cikin shugabannin gida rassan da babu daya amma Purishkevich ba saurare. Haka kuma an shafa da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na NRC.

Kuma akwai wani rikici wanda ya zo ya zuwa yanzu cewa wani iko da kungiyar da sauri ya zo da kõme ba. Purishkevich halitta da "sunan Arhangela Mihaila Union" a 1908, ya janye daga Moscow sashen na NRC. Royal manifesto Oktoba 17 karshe raba NRC, kamar yadda dangantaka da Duma ya diametrically daban-daban. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani aikin 'yan ta'adda tare da kisan wani shahararren Duma Mataimakin, zargin da magoya bayan Dubrovin da kansa.

Petersburg Department of NRC a 1909 Dubrovin kawai cire daga ikon, ya bar shi da wani girmamawa membobinsu a cikin Union, kuma da sauri sosai hambarar daga dukan posts abokansa. Kafin 1912 Dubrovin kokarin yaki domin wani wuri a karkashin hasken rana, amma ya san cewa babu abin da zai dawo, da kuma a watan Agusta rajista da shatan Dubrovinskogo Union, bayan da cibiyar daya bayan wani sliver ofisoshin lardi. Duk da wannan bai ƙara zuwa yiwuwa na NRC kungiyar da kuma shi karshe rushe. Conservative Party (dama) sun natsu da cewa gwamnatin dauki tsoro a ikon da Union, kuma, wata babbar rawa a ta rasuwar taka leda Stolypin da kaina.

Hanin

Saboda haka da yawa don haka, cewa a zaben da jihar Duma, da NRC ya sanya guda naúrar da Octobrists. Daga bisani da dama yunkurin sake wani hadade monarchical kungiyar, amma nasara a nan ba wanda ya isa. Kuma da Fabrairu juyin juya halin dakatar monarchist jam'iyyar, taso kan shugabannin da fitina. Wannan ya biyo ta Oktoba juyin juya halin da kuma Red Ta'addanci. Mafi yawa daga cikin NRC shugabannin jira mutuwa a wadannan shekaru. Sauran sulhu, erasing duk da rikice-rikice, da White motsi.

Soviet masana tarihi dauke NRC da cikakken farkisanci kungiyar, yawa tsammani bayyanar su a Italiya. Ko da mambobi na NRC rubuta shekaru da yawa daga baya cewa "Union of Rasha Mutane" ya zama tarihi precursor na farkisanci (daya daga cikin shugabannin - Mark 2, rubuta game da shi tare da girman kai). W. Laqueur tabbata cewa Black Daruruwan sun kasance game da rabin hanya daga reactionary ƙungiyoyi daga cikin karni na sha tara zuwa ga populist dama (ie, farkisanci) jam'iyyun karni na ashirin da.