Kolyma HPP: location, yanayi, tattalin arziki da daraja. Kolyma samar da wutar lantarki shuka mai suna Yu Frishter

Ziyarci wadannan wurare da kuma la'akari da irin wannan na'ura - sa'an nan samun girma yarda, amma kuma da m matsaloli a kan hanya zata yi nisa Kolyma HPP. Shawo kan ɗari biyar kilomita daga Magadan a cikin Far Arewa - ba aiki mai sauki.

Overview

Wannan yana nufin hydroelectric iko shuka na PJSC "Kolymaenergo", wanda, bi da bi, shi ne na biyu na JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP for sa na sigogi ne na musamman. Wannan ba kawai mai girma da kuma iko tsarin.

Musamman ne yafi saboda Magadan yankin a cikin ikon tsarin da aka ware daga sauran ikon tsarin na Rasha, da kuma saboda wannan ne hydroelectric iko kusan duk dole filin ƙarfi - 95% - samar da kansa. A farko bambancinsa - wurinta. A gefuna da permafrost ne na farko da kawai. Kolyma HPP yana da mafi Dam, da kuma engine dakin da aka located a karkashin kasa. shi ne ya fi kowa iko tsakanin kama ayyukan.

Tarihi na halitta

Ideas game da yadda za a yi amfani da na halitta ikon kwarara daga cikin Kolyma River da aka sa a gaba a farkon sosai na thirties na karshe karni fanning binciken kasa Hawan Yesu zuwa sama. Akwai aka ko aiwatar da dama ayyukan kafin fara girma Patriotic War. Next, al'amarin bai da lokacin motsa. Don samar da wutar lantarki a nan ya ci gaba da amfani da gida kwal. Koma ayyukan wannan yankin na so abu, kamar yadda Kolyma HPP, shi zo a cikin sittin, a lokacin da aka shawo kan post-yaki devastation da kuma ci da sarari ya fara. A cikin watan Yuni 1964, mun sanya wani topographical harbi duk wannan yanki, kuma a shekarar 1965 ya zo nan tare da wani rukuni daga cikin Ministan Makamashi na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa injiniyoyi.

Sakamako na wannan tafiya, da kuma aiki a matsayin shawarar da binciken aiki a kan shafin na jeri na gaba hydroelectric iko. Sai aka dukkan yi, da Magadan yankin da kuma ya dauki na farko rukuni na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa injiniyoyi-surveyors. A watan Disamba na shekara ta shiga da ci gaban da aikin, da kuma a 1967 ya fara a shafin na hadaddun bincike. Ya yi aiki a kan aikin "Lengidroproekt", a wuri na goma sha uku balaguro bincika da manufa na wannan ma'aikata. A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1969, farkon ta zama cikin shiri management kungiyar "Kolymagesstroy" a cikin "Vilyuygesstroya". Bayan 'yan watanni a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Jihar Planning kwamitin da lakabi na aikin da Earsbe yi da aka bude. A takaice, a 1970, da hydroelectric iko tashar a kan kogin Kolyma ya riga ya fara ta zama - tukuna a cikin nau'i na yi.

farko

A watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1970, na farko trailer daga Yakutia zuwa ga manufa tashar da aka aiko, da kuma Maris yi kayan aiki isa. Nisa daga akwai irin wannan cewa makonni biyu a kan hanya - wannan daidai ne, kamar yadda mai nisa daga komai ne Kolyma HPP. Halitta yanayi ne ma na musamman - cikin permafrost, Far Arewa. Mutane da fasahar zo ba kawai daga Yakutia, amma kuma daga Magadan a kauyen Uptar su jira mai wucewa tushe - na farko dandali yi. Na farko, ya zama dole a gina gidaje ga ma'aikatan gina hanyoyi da kuma sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa. Mutane da yawa wasu hydroelectric zai kawar da matsala irin wannan shirin, da kuma Kolyma hydroelectric iko shuka ya je duk hanyar da sifili. Wannan ba dam da tantuna da aka bukata (da sauyin yanayi ba tanti!), Akwai aka gina ajiya tashoshi, damar hanyoyi, da kuma gidaje sockultbit.

Saboda haka akwai shiri hydrobuilders Sinegorye da biyu-labarin gidaje sanya na bim, sa'an nan na aluminum bangarori, kyau da kuma da-kiyaye, da wata makaranta, a kindergarten, shaguna da kuma gidan al'adu. Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa yanayin yanayi ne mai tsauri, da kuma permafrost shi yiwuwa a gina gida a kan kafuwar da kuma gina wani size aka gina ko da yaushe a kan stilts. Summer m, wani lokacin zafi, a saman Layer narke ƙasa, kafuwar gudãna. To, hunturu ne debe sittin da biyu digiri Celsius - da yanayinsa, bai kara yawan makonni. Dumama kakar a cikin Far Arewa yana da wani m na biyu da ɗari da saba'in da kwanaki, sau da yawa - more. Amma kasar da aka sosai bukatar Kolyma HPP, da tattalin arziki da muhimmanci shine babban.

babban wuraren

A watan Yuni na shekarar 1974, ya fitar da farko guga na duniya. Sai ya fara gina madatsar ruwa. Kolyma HPP aka gina lokaci guda tare da shiri hydrobuilders wani shekaru biyu, kuma a karshe, a shekarar 1976, wannan gini ya da All-Union buga. Biyu da rabi dubu daga cikin mafi kyau Komsomol kasar zo zuwa Kolyma kungiyoyin. A 1980, da kogi da aka katange a shafin na hydroelectric iko, kuma nan da nan na farko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa naúrar an riga an gwada. A total na biyar, na karshe ya sa a cikin aiki ne kawai a 1995. A 2010, hydroelectric iko zama da aka sani da suna "Kolyma HPP mai suna Frishter YI" - shi aka mai suna bayan na farko darektan kuma yi sarrafa.

hydroelectric yi - mai iko dam high-matsa lamba HPP: dutse cika dam, karkashin kasa gini ruwa intakes, PTC da ISG (m-fasaha hadaddun da rufaffiyar rarraba na'urar) spillway. Wucin gadi da kuma m karkashin kasa shigarwa nan a manyan lambobi, kuma su ne tsayin fiye da bakwai kilomita, da kuma adadin vylomki - 425 000 murabba'in mita. Tabbatarwar hydroelectric iko - 224 wutar, da kuma shigar - 900, a kan talakawan, generated 3.325 biliyan kWh da wutar lantarki a shekara.

kogi

Hydroelectric iko shuka gina nisa daga bakin - 1854 km Kolyma har yanzu suna gudãna zuwa cikin teku. Akwai located manyan Kolyma ƙofofi, wanda yanzu flooded tafki. The kwarin Kolyma River a wannan wuri yawa narrower, kafa kwarin da sosai m gangara. Domin karfi, kundin ne babban. Ko a lokacin da bazara da kaka ambaliyar ruwa ake kammala, HPS goyon bayan zuba ruwan matakin. Kamar wancan ne da Extended isar da kogin. Hydroelectric iko ba zai zama a can kadai - Kolyma HPP cascade kunshi biyu tashoshin. Wannan hydroelectric iko tashar - babba mataki na cascade. Tare da gabatarwar da Ust-Srednekanskaya iya cikakken tsara da navigability na Kolyma River, da kuma halaye na aiki na Kolyma HPP za su da wani hani. Yanzu ba shine al'amarin ba. Kowane ruwa sallama ƙare babban aiki na karfafa tudu da seabed. Wannan shi ne saboda laifinsu faruwa akai akai fiye da an lasafta, da spillway daina aiki.

All kunshi hydroelectric dams kuma Wuraren. Ga kogi na bukatar abubuwa guda biyu: mai cikakkar tabbacin shekara-zagaye ruwa kasancewa da kyau gangara. Hydro ne yawanci located inda kwazazzabo-view na ƙasa. Kolyma - shi ne wannan kogi, kuma aka gina shi a kwarin Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - shiri na Power - ne kawai ɗari biyar kilomita daga Magadan. Kila, a kan babban yankin da kuma shi ne kadan - 3-4 hours da mota. Arewa ba ya son a lokacin da mutane suna yin cinta hanya har a wani lõkaci. Akwai iya zama da duk talatin sa'o'i don zuwa yankin cibiyar, amma har yanzu murna da cewa da sauri kuma ba tare da maras so kasada. Amma idan ka je mike tare da Kolyma ɗari biyu kilomita, a kan hanyar da za ta fada na biyu (kuma na karshe) cascade - Ust-Srednekanskaya. A nan, kankare da maginin dam aka kuma gina a narrowest batu na cikin kwari.

sigogi

Kolyma hydroelectric iko tashar da aka gina a matakai biyu: na farko, gina na ciminti galleries babban gadi dams, spillways, ci tashar da Tunnels, culverts, kashi na PTK gini, kwamfuta dakin a kan raka'a da aka hada a rage matsa lamba, da kuma a cikin mataki na biyu ya gyarawa da babban dam aka gina , a spillway, ci da cikakken HPP ginin. Daya ɗari da talatin da hudu da rabi mita - tsawo daga cikin dam zuwa matsakaicin, cewa yana daga cikin girma da ƙasa da shi - mafi girma a kasar. Its tsawon, dauka da kunya, 683 mita, nisa - 15. Sama da ƙasa - da dirka na dutse dutse Prism shaci gagarar core na ƙasa (yashi loam), tace na rairayi da tsakuwa prisms aka shirya tsakanin abutment da core.

Spillway kusan dab da ginin, an yi shi da kankare matsayin trohprolotny spillway chutes da kuma kawo karshen tsalle. Kowane trinadtsatimetrovy ashirin-mita span overlaps da rufe. Tashi da kuma fada shutters winches, kowanne daga abin da zai iya ta da ɗari biyu da ton kõwace ƙõfa suke da daraja biyu. Kolyma tafki (ko a cikin teku, kamar yadda aka sani a gida) 6 kilomita a cikin nisa da 148 a tsawon, ta yanki - 441 square kilomita, matsakaicin zurfin - 120 mita. Cika da ruwa tun 1980, kan aiwatar dade shekaru takwas. Kamar yadda a kullum zai faru a cikin shiri na samar da wutar lantarki, flooded mai yawa ƙasar noma. A nan, a Kolyma, cewa makiyaya da kuma masara filayen ne ba, ba shakka. Amma duk da gine-gine koma - su ne tsada a nan. Sea mutane son: a shi kama Grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, kuma mutane da yawa irin na sauran kyau kifi.

More game da yanayi

All-Union gini sanya don Master wannan gaba daya inda ba wanda yake zaune da kuma ware daga duniya ƙasa. Kolyma hanya, wanda yake shi ne mafi kusa hanya, located arba'in kilomita, wanda shi ne sosai ga yanayi na Far Arewa. Stoke a Kolyma, kamar yadda a duk arewacin koguna, da cika fuska m. The most ne a lokacin rani da kaka ambaliyar ruwa a biyu taguwar ruwa - spring (ganiya a watan Yuni) da kuma ruwa (Agusta da Satumba). A cikin dumi kakar kuma kara ma dukan kwarara - kashi 97 cikin dari.

A cikin hunturu shi ne, ba shakka, kusan Fading tafi: kogi ne daskarewa a farkon watan Oktoba, kuma aka bude zuwa karshen May, a wannan lokaci da ruwa amfani saukad da zuwa 3 cubic mita biyu. A shafe tsawon daskarewa - daga 200 zuwa 270 days a shekara. A winters ne sosai sanyi, da mawadãta daga cikin zafin jiki hawa da sauka daga tasa'in da takwas digiri na shekara! Wannan shi ne, a cikin hunturu -62 (m zazzabi), da kuma a lokacin rani +36 (matsakaicin). Ga kullum hurawa iskõki, musamman a cikin hunturu, su ne da karfi, a debe sittin shi ya sa yanayin ne ba kawai m, amma shi ne kusan numfashi ba. Yankin ne ma wani sosai seysmichen - maki bakwai (MSK-64 sikelin).

Sinegorye

Kusa da hydroelectric girma kauyen. A rabo ya kasance mai sauki daya. Lokacin da wani tashar ne har yanzu a karkashin gini, akwai fiye da 17 da mutane dubu (tuna cewa na karshe - biyar - naúrar zama aiki a 1995), sai ga haka mutane da yawa a nan kawai ba su da wani aiki. Sinegorye hanzari emptying, mutane da aka barin zuwa wasu wurare, to sauran gine ayyukan, ko a kasar. A lokacin, gaba xayan yawan Sinegorye ba fiye da dubu biyu da mutane. Wannan hydroelectric iko tashar bauta wa ma'aikatan, ma'aikata na lantarki da kuma jihar ma'aikata. Tare da yawan Sinegorye bar da arziki na zaman jama'a amfanin.

Duk abin da aka sauri Fade: kiwon lafiya, ilimi, al'adu. Kawai waha ne samuwa har yanzu. Sauran super-m wasanni hadaddun - shi ne kusan a can. A wannan halin da ake ciki kusan ko'ina. Amma wannan yankin ne ake bukata don ci gaba, a cikin wani hali ba rasa riga gina. Ta yaya da yawa gidajen ne yanzu babu komai a Sinegorye! Su duk watsi da su. Ko akwai wani tambaya game da cewa, dalilin da ya sa rayuwa a nan. Hakika, na gida subsoil cunkus tama - baƙin ƙarfe da uranium, da kuza, platinum, zinariya ... Kolyma HPP da wannan manufa da kuma gina - wajen samar da ajiya.

Yadda aka yi

A lokacin da a m 30s na gida dũkiya da aka bincika, ya bayyana cewa bukatar da tsada da kuma iko da makamashi cibiya. Permafrost, m sauyin yanayi da ke sa aikin musamman mai cin lokaci kuma samun tsada. Duk da haka, idan akwai matsa gaba. Aka sanya rikitarwa lissafin da kuma gudanar da bincike a lõkacin da zabar wani irin Dam, mun sami mafi kyau duka wuri domin jeri. Shin mai girma shiri aikin, kuma a nan - GES tsaye kyakkyawa. Duk abin da ya "tsananin da dokoki," kamar yadda suka faɗa, a wadannan sassa. A wannan yanayin, wannan ra'ayi - terroformirovanie. Idan wannan tsari da aka kawo har zuwa karshen, shi take kaiwa zuwa wani duniya reorganization na duniya ya canjãwa bayyanar, muhalli, da kuma sauyin yanayi. Wani abu irin wannan da aka yi a Kolyma HPP.

mai iko masana'antu zone, gudanar da hanya da aka halitta, ta kafa wani iri-iri na samarwa. Mun gano da kuma ɓullo da wani aiki, don samar da gine-gine da kayayyakin: yashi, da na dutse, da yumɓun, gypsum. Kuma nawa fasahar ginshikan zo daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Magadan! Yana yi aiki mafi iko motocin - juji BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, crawled nan Trailers da excavators, bulldozers, tractors. Bayan duk, ya wajaba ya zo da kawai game da wani abu, a nan ne wurin da komai da daji ko kananan shurupchika bai sãmu ba, balle Multi-ton gidan wuta da kuma injin turbin hydrogenerator. Taga gilashi, tufafi, furniture, abinci da kuma cranes - shi aka tsĩrar a kan hanya, da kuma ƙasashe masu nisa.

feat

Kolyma, kamar wuka, yanke ta cikin kunya Cherskogo, rarraba shi a cikin biyu babbar dutse kafada, wanda a yanzu bukatar da za a shirya - don tsara a layi da kuma tsabta, domin shi ne a nan cewa a kan lokaci da aka aza wata babbar baka na dam. Industrial Area ya riga ya yarda bude samar, da kuma abu na farko da ake bukata kankare Tsarin. Excavators zahiri cizon cikin tsirara kasa na kogin, inda aka shirya wani wuri domin tushe daga cikin dam. Aiki masana'antu tuddai, yanã fizge tufarsu daga ganuwar da jeri, tafi zurfi a cikin duwatsu, yankan saukar da dutse, drifters Brigade. Meter ta mita tsinkãyi Tunnels culverts. A wannan hanya cikin wani falalen dũtse ƙulli wata babbar sarari ga inji da kuma raka'a HPP.

Dam ne a nan - da daya kadai a duniya, saboda ba su san yadda za dogon su yi shi a kan permafrost. A ci gaba da jerin manyan motoci tafi daga Magadan, a Sinegorye kawo fiye da dubu ton na ciminti da rana kawai. Wannan hunturu, mafi mafi tsanani frosts, wanda zama a duniya. A lokacin rani babu hanyoyi. Saboda haka - ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara drifts, shawo kan koguna da koguna, don haka da sauri, cewa da gaske ba zai iya daskare da sittin da digiri, to kai ya trailer da nauyi (a kan 170 ton) kuma sau da yawa oversized kaya. The m dutsen wuce, a kan m gangara. Bayan duk, shi ne duk saboda irin wannan babbar manufa. Shi ne mai feat.