Mene ne halitta tsarin yanayi (ilmin halitta)

An fara daga zamanin d lokaci na tarihi, mutumin da ya yi kokarin shiga da ka'idodin duniya da kuma samun amsar wannan tambaya na abin da yake cikin yanayi na halitta da tsarin. Ya gane - duniya ya jitu da kuma shirya bisa ga wasu dokoki. Ka yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci ga kimiyyar nazarin kwayoyin tsarin a duniya, halitta a lokacin tarihi ci gaban al'ummar dan Adam.

A farko na halitta rarrabuwa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Yana da aka samarwa da Girkanci malamai - uban ilmin halitta - Aristotle. Da ake ji da Hanyar na gwada morphological da kuma ilimin Halittar Jiki haruffa, ya halicci dabba rarrabuwa da kuma aza harsashin ginin na nan gaba na nazarin halittu tarbiyya - systematics. Aristotle ta amsa ga wannan tambaya na abin da yake cikin yanayi na halitta da tsarin, karanta kamar haka: duniya ne zuwa kashi biyu mulkokin - da matattun da kuma ba da rai yanayi. A karshen, bi da bi, hierarchically gina, daga shuke-shuke da dabbobi sa'an nan - ga mutumin.

View - na farko taxon a ilmin halitta

Muna ci gaba da samun amsoshin da tambaya, abin da yake cikin yanayi na halitta da tsarin. A ilmin halitta, da definition na tsarin da duniya haka - shi ne jerin baƙaƙe da umarnin nadi na dadaddun kuma data kasance a lokacin da masu rai, kazalika da su rarraba da matsayi karkashi kuma related halittun - raka'a rarrabuwa. Na farko shi ne bayyanar. Yana hidima a matsayin madogara na zamani taxonomy.

A Linnaean tsarin da kwayoyin duniya

Yana da aka tsara a 1735 a cikin shahararrun aiki "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, mai gaskatãwa nazarin D. Ray kuma Buffon, naúrar daukan nau'i na rarrabuwa. Kamar yadda wani creationist, ya yi imanin cewa jinsin su ne m, kuma canzawa. Scientist yayi binary nomenclature a kan wanda kowane mai rai gabar da ake sa da suna kunsha na biyu kalmomi, misali: .. A m mutum, m mutum, makiyaya buttercup, da dai sauransu mini ne duk ilmin halitta amfani da binary sunayen jinsin, da na halitta tsarin yanayi ne mai hadaddun ilimi wanda abubuwa ne juna, watau. e. suna subsystems.

Kuxi gradation na Organic duniya da aka samarwa da C. Linnaeus. Yana hada mulkokin: shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma ma'adanai, wanda a nuna fragmented cikin superordinate raka'a - jinsunan, danginsu, da umarni. Ga misali: shuka mulki suka rabu 24 azuzuwan, da kuma waɗanda - 116 raka'a kan tsarin da gametophyte da kuma haihuwa gabobin - da kuma archegonium antheridium.

The halitta tsarin yanayi da kuma bala'i ka'idar

Fitattun Faransa halittu Georges Cuvier a cikin farkon karni na 19th aka tsunduma a gudanar da bincike a fagen kamanta Anatomy da kuma binciken burbushin halittu. The facts samu zai ba da damar masana kimiyya ya bayyana tunani na cewa, baya, da suka da aka sa a cikin akai nasa ka'idar, ya amsa tambaya "abin yanayi ne na halitta tsarin." A takaice amsar ne kamar haka - Zama karkashi aka gina a kan manufa da gradation tsarin kunshi daban-daban tsarin da rayuwa tafiyar matakai na kwayoyin.

Burbushin sun hujja da cewa tsakanin dadaddun da kuma na zamani nau'in kwayoyin, akwai wani tsaka-tsakin yanayi. Cuvier da mabiyansa sa nau'i nau'i na dukan kungiyoyin na dabbobi, kamar giant dabba bace-kamar kadangaru, dauke cyclical ma'aunan kasa bala'i da ya girgiza duniya. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya suka bi zuwa juyin ra'ayoyi, ya soki rukunan Cuvier. A karshe, da bambance-bambance tsakanin masana kimiyyar sun bace tare da fitowan na ayyukan Charles Darwin, kuma A. Uolessa game da asalin jinsunan.

Lamarck ta juyin halitta bane

Faransa masanin kimiyya Jean-Baptiste Lamarck a cikin farkon karni na 19th, da farko nuna adawa juyin tsarin kula da halittar da wata halitta tsarin na rinjaye yanayi yayin da ra'ayoyi creationism. Ya rubuta wani multivolume aiki "Faransa Flora", ɓullo da wani tsarin da rarrabuwa na kwaro, har yanzu ana amfani. Ya kuma, tare da Treviranus, da kalmar "nazarin halittun" da aka samarwa. A cikin littafinsa "The Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi" Lamarck bayyana abin da yanayin da na halitta tsarin, dangane da ra'ayin cewa halittu zama da amfani na'urori a sakamakon rinjayar muhalli da yanayi.

A zamani da nazarin halittu sharuddan, babban tuki da karfi a baya da juyin yanayi Lamarck yi ĩmãni ba hereditary - gyara canzawa. Haka kuma, shi ne Lamarck, sa mutumin a cikin bishiyar juyin Halittar mannyan birai, da kuma aiwatar da ci gaban da yanayi, ya wakilta a matsayin mai wahala na kungiyar halittu masu rai da gradation.

Darwiniyanci - ka'idar ko jarrabawa?

Ainihin manufar abin da yanayi ne na halitta tsarin, da definition wanda aka fassara ta daban-daban trends a ilmin halitta a cikin hanyoyi da dama, da shi da aka bai "The Origin of Species, ta hanyar Natural Selection" a cikin aikin na Charles Darwin. Tun shekarar 1859, ta fara wani sabon zamani a ci gaba na halitta tarihi batutuwa. The halitta tsarin yanayi da aka daukarsa a rarrabuwa, nuna da hankali canji na jinsi, danginsu, da kuma dukan azuzuwan na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kwayoyin bambancin da zabin.

A ideas bayyana ta Darwin, bayyanãwa biyu aka gyara: na farko - cikin rukunan juyin abu da kuma na biyu - da rukunan da tuki sojojin juyin halitta. Darwin ware fitar uku siffofin gwagwarmayar zama, wanda shi ne tushen zabin yanayi: intraspecific, interspecific da kuma magance m abiotic dalilai. Zabin yanayi tsiraru da tabbatar da adana daga cikin jinsunan mafi saba da takamaiman yanayin da mazauninsu. Halitta bambancin selectively ance mutane da suka samu a sakamakon maye gurbi, na sabon ãyõyin bada tuna da abũbuwan amfãni daga rayuwa. Classic Darwiniyanci a halin yanzu na samar da wani m tsarin juyin ra'ayoyi a kan ci gaban namun daji.

Roba jarrabawa juyin halitta

Bugu da ari kayyade nazarin gudanar a tsakiyar karni na 20th, bayar da dalilin halittar roba hypothesis juyin halitta, wadda ta ba da amsar wannan tambayar, abin da yake cikin yanayi na halitta da tsarin ilmin halitta. Synopsis na shi ne wannan - da bambancin da jinsunan ne kayyade tsarin cewa dogara ne a kan manufa ta karkashi (matsayi) daban-daban halittun: jinsunan, danginsu, iyalai, da umarni (ko kungiyoyin), azuzuwan, sassan (ko iri).

Duk wani kwayoyin da cewa na zaune a kan Duniya jerin nasa ne duk aka ambata a sama rarrabuwa raka'a, kafa ta microevolution da kuma fadada. A manhaja binciko abin da yanayin da na halitta tsarin ilmin halitta. Grade 9 ne kishin nazarin tuki sojojin na ci gaba - kwayoyin bambancin da zabin. Roba jarrabawa juyin halitta an dauke a cikin shakka daga ilmin halitta 10 d., Lokacin da dalibai ne riga ya saba da Concepts da kuma dokokin da itatuwa aure.

Halittu Organization

Su ma wata halitta tsarin yanayi, wakiltar wani 7 hierarchically ƙarƙashin matakan yi Open Biosystems. Bari mu kira su: kwayoyin, salula, sashin jiki, nama, kwayoyin, yawan, jinsunan, biogeocenotic Muciya.

A nazarin sabon abu na rayuwa a kowace matakin ne daban-daban nazarin halittu tarbiyya. Alal misali, da karatunsa da kwayoyin Biochemistry da ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu. Cell - tushen cytology, biogeocenotic da biosphere - taxonomy, kamanta Anatomy, da lafiyar qasa, da dai sauransu ba tare da togiya, duk suna zaune abubuwa - .. Mutane, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, kwayoyin cuta - za a iya daukan a kowane mataki, daga kwayoyin da cewa yin up kwayoyin halitta, da kuma ƙare duniya tsarin - biosphere. Shi aikin da hira hawan keke na al'amarin, kuma makamashi a bude nazarin halittu tsarin.