Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve: biography, nasarori, binciken da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Zhorzh Kyuve - babban masanin kimiyya, dabbobi, kafa kamanta dabba Anatomy da kuma binciken burbushin halittu. Wannan mutumin da ya sãme ya so ya gano a duniya, da kuma, duk da wasu erroneous ra'ayoyi, ya yi wata babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya.

masanin kimiyya yara

Cuvier aka haife kan Agusta 23, 1769 a garin Montbeliard. Little George ya fasaha fiye da shekaru: a 4 shekaru ya kuma karanta, kuma uwarsa sanar da jawo. Ability don zanen m masanin kimiyya da aikinsa a cikin binciken burbushin halittu, inda shi ne daga hannun fentin zanuka don littattafai. Wadannan misalai ne na dogon lokaci bayan haka kofe a wasu littattafai, don haka su ne high quality, kuma ya sanya plausible.

Georges Leopold Kyuve zauna a wani matalauci Protestant iyali. Mahaifinsa aka riga shekaru, ya yi aiki a Faransa sojojin soja da mahaifiyarsa kishin ta rayuwa wa ɗanta. Ta yi aiki tare da shi, da kuma fito zuwa ƙafafunsa, bayan wani cuta (Cuvier sau da yawa m kamar yadda yaro).

samuwar

Makaranta shekaru, nan gaba masanin kimiyya wuce da sauri. Zhorzh Kyuve nuna kansa a matsayin mai talented dalibi, amma ya da wani m yanayi. Yana da aka asali shirya cewa yaron ci gaba da horo a tauhidin makaranta da kuma samun da lakabi na fasto, amma wani tataccen dangantaka da darektan ba zai yale shi ya zama firist na Protestant coci.

Kara ilmi Zhorzh Kyuve samu Karolinska Academy, a Sashen cameral kimiyyar (Jihar Property Management). A nan a Stuttgart, masana kimiyya suna karatu kiwon lafiya, shari'a, da tattalin arziki da kuma kudi. Riga a jami'a yana sha'awar dabba duniya, don haka da "Academy" da'irar da aka shirya tare da sa hannu. Wannan jam'iyya dade 4 shekaru - kamar yadda George karatu ne, a Sashen. Members na da'irar raba su kananan nasarori a cikin binciken yanayi, tattalin magana. Bambanta samu lambar da aka bai wa improvised daga kwali da wani hoto na Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - da biography na masanin kimiyya a tsaka-tsaki na rayuwa, hanyõyi

Shekaru hudu da na kwaleji rayuwa wuce da sauri, kuma Georges koma gida da mahaifansa biyu. Babana ya yi ritaya, uwar bai yi aiki ba. A sakamakon haka, da kasafin iyali da ya kusan komai, wanda lalle ba za a iya watsi da.

Sa'an nan, kafin masanin kimiyya ta ji jita-jita, da cewa jadawali na Normandy Erisi neman wani malami domin ɗansa. Kasancewa wani ilimi mutum, Zhorzh Kyuve ya cushe da jaka da ya tafi a raba lokaci. Home daga cikin shahararrun Earl aka located kusa da teku, da kuma shi ya sa Georges ganin marine rayuwa, ba kawai a kan takarda, amma har zuwa rayuwa. Ya gabagaɗi, ya fallasa da tarwada, marine tsutsotsi, kifi, crabs da crayfish, mollusks. Sa'an nan Zhorzh Kyuve ya yi mamakin yadda da wuya tsarin da farko duba cikin sauki rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wurare da dama a tasoshin, da jijiyoyi, gland da kuma gabobin da tsarin kawai buga da masanin kimiyya. Aikinsa tare da marine dabbobi da aka bayyana a mujallar "Zoological Bulletin".

A farko karatu a fannin binciken burbushin halittu

A ƙarshen XVIII karni - shi ne fitowan da binciken burbushin halittu. Cuvier, a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro wannan kimiyya, zan kashe mai girma taimako zuwa ga ci gaba. Da farko kwarewa an haɗa da al'amarin, a lõkacin da ya samu wani kunshin da ƙasũsuwa samu a Maastricht halittu. Hoffan (sunan wani mazaunin wannan birnin, wanda ya samu ragowar) yanke shawarar aika da kwarangwal aka riga aka sani Cuvier a Paris. Sam "hakar gwal" da'awar cewa wannan zai iya zama wani kifi Whale kashi. Bi da bi, masana kimiyya da dama sun samu kamance da kwarangwal na kada, da kuma coci ba Maastricht kwaso ƙasusuwan da ya rage na saint kuma dauki ga shi a matsayin relic.

Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve hana duk wadannan zažužžukan kwarangwal asalin. Bayan jawabin da scrupulous aiki, ya nuna cewa, ragowar kasance a zamanin d dabbobi masu rarrafe da cewa zauna ruwan Netherlands, miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Wannan ya karfafa ta wurin manyan size da kwarangwal, ciki har da kashin baya, wata babbar kai da jaws da yawa kaifi hakora, mai isharar predatory hanyar rayuwar halittu. Cuvier kuma ga ragowar tsoho kifi, Shellfish da sauran ruwa halittu, wanda, a fili, da ciyar da wannan halitta mai rarrafe.

Shi ne ake kira mosasaurs cewa Greek za a iya fassara a matsayin "mai rarrafe da kafafu kogin Maas" (Meuse a Faransa). Da shi shi ne na farko da manyan bincike na kimiyya na masanin kimiyya. Bayan yin wani bincike na cikin saura na wani unknown abu, Zhorzh Kyuve aza harsashin ga wani sabon kimiyya - binciken burbushin halittu.

Kamar yadda aikin da aka za'ayi tare da ragowar

Zhorzh Kyuve karatu da kuma systematized game da arba'in jinsuna daban na prehistoric dabbobi. Wasu daga cikin su iya kawai vaguely kama da zamani fauna, amma mafi yawan yana da kõme ba yi da shanu, da tumaki, da barewa.

Har ila yau, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa a gaban duniya ya mulkin dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ruwa da kuma ƙasar ne gida da yawa daban-daban jinsunan dinosaur. Ko sararin sama da aka mamaye pterodactyls, ba tsuntsaye, kamar yadda wasu masu bincike.

Zhorzh Kyuve ɓullo da wata hanya zuwa ga karatu da ya rage. A sakamakon haka, a kan tushen da kwarangwal na dabba, da sanin cewa duk sassa na jiki ne juna, ya iya tunanin yadda ya dubi sosai kasancewa. Kamar yadda yi nuna, aikinsa ya sosai m.

Zhorzh Kyuve: taimako ga ilmin halitta

Ci gaba da nazarin dabbobi, da masanin kimiyyar ya fara nazarin kamance da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin su. A sakamakon haka, ya zama kafa irin wannan Trend in kimiyya a matsayin kamanta ilmin jikin mutum. Ka'idarsa na "hulda da sassa na jiki," ya ce duk da gabobin da kuma Tsarin da alaka da juna, da kuma sifa da aiki ya dogara ne a kan muhalli da yanayi, ciyar, kiwo.

Alal misali, bincike na ungulate. Yana ciyarwa a kan ciyawa, sa'an nan, shi ne a yi m hakora. Tun da. Ĩkon muƙamuƙi bukatar wani da kyau-ɓullo da tsokoki, da shugaban zai kuma zama manyan dangi zuwa sauran jiki. dole a kula da irin wannan shugaban, sabili da haka, za a ci gaba vertebrae na mahaifa kashin baya, da kuma su tafiyar matakai. Herbivorous dabba bace ba tare da fangs ko fika, ya kamata ko ta yaya za a kiyaye shi daga yara. A sakamakon haka, akwai ƙahoni. Shuka abinci na dogon lokaci zuwa nike, wadda take kaiwa zuwa ga cigaban da ƙara na ciki da kuma hanjinsu dogon. Suka ci gaba da narkewa kamar tsarin - dalilin for gaban m hakarkarinsa da kuma babban ciki.

Bugu da ari aiki a filin na binciken burbushin halittu, ya kai ga gano da yawa unprecedented abubuwa. Daga cikin su pterodactyls - tashi dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka yi amfani da yara da kuma ci kifi. Saboda haka Zhorzh Kyuve tabbatar da cewa miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, sama ya mai rarrafe da kafafu da iko, ba, da tsuntsãye.

masifa ka'idar

Zhorzh Kyuve, wanda biography an hade tare da ci gaban da binciken burbushin halittu, ya kawo ra'ayin juyin halitta daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. By karatu ragowar tsoho halittu, masana kimiyya sun lura da wani abin kwaikwaya: a cikin farfajiya yadudduka na duniya ta ɓawon burodi ne, ƙashi na daga dabbobi da cewa suna da ko da dan kamance da zamani ra'ayoyi, da kuma a cikin zurfi yadudduka - da kwarangwal na prehistoric tãlikai.

Duk da wannan samu, Zhorzh Kyuve rikitar da kansa. Ganin cewa ya hana juyin halitta a matsayin dukan, tare da sakamakon cewa masanin kimiyyar ya miƙa ka'idar da ci gaban da fauna a duniya. Cuvier ya nuna cewa a bai tabbata jinkiri sushi yanki ya malale, lokacin da teku, da dukan halittu sun mutu. Bayan da ruwan ja da baya, da kuma a cikin wani sabon wuri akwai wasu kwayoyin da halin da sabon fasali na jiki tsari. A cikin tambaya na inda wadannan dabbobi iya bayyana, masana kimiyya ne kawai zai iya tsammani. Masifa ka'idar ne a dauki, t. Don. Its bayyanar ya yi wani yunkurin sulhu kimiyya da kuma addini.

Zhorzha Kyuve ideas game da ci gaba da fauna iya taso saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da binciken burbushin halittu tsaka-tsakin yanayi da aka samu tsakanin daban-daban na dabbobi. A sakamakon, babu dalilin da ya sa ran a hankali a hankali juyin ci gaban kwayoyin. Kawai Darwin samarwa a irin wannan ka'idar, amma shi ya faru bayan mutuwar Zhorzha Kyuve.

Bambance-bambance rarrabuwa na Linnaeus da Cuvier

Aiki tare da dabbobi da kuma nazarin da tsarin, Zhorzh Kyuve taƙaice systematized duk fauna cikin 4 iri:

1. vertabrate. Wannan ya hada da dukan dabbobi da dismembered kwarangwal. Misalai: tsuntsaye, da abubuwa masu rarrafe (masu rarrafe, da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa), dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma kifi.

2. haskakawa. A wannan kungiyar, duk da tawagar fauna aka tattara, wanda ya radial fasali na jiki, wanda shine na hali, misali, ga tarwada.

3. Soft-bodied. Su ne dabbobi da taushi jiki kewaye a cikin wani m harsashi. Wadannan sun hada da cuttlefish, mussels, oysters, dodon kodi, mollusks, octopuses kuma mafi. D.

4. arthropod. Animals na ga wannan kungiyar da karfi da kwarangwal m harsashi a cikin wani nau'i na m, da kuma dukan jiki ne zuwa kashi a jam'i na segments. Misalai: millipedes, kwari, crustaceans, arachnids. Kuskuren bi da nan da kuma wasu tsutsotsi.

Linnaeus, da bambanci ga Zhorzha Kyuve, ware fitar 6 daga cikin wadannan iri: dabbobi masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, kwari da tsutsotsi (a nan kasance a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa). A cikin sharuddan taxonomy, rarrabuwa na dabbobi da Cuvier samun cikakken, sabili da haka amfani da na dogon lokaci.

An ban sha'awa gaskiya a cikin rayuwar wani masanin kimiyyar

Da zarar wani almajiri na Cuvier yanke shawarar taka zamba a kan shi. Don yin wannan, ya sa a kan wani kwat da wando, da na tumaki, yayin da malamin barci zare jiki tafiya a kan ga gadonsa. Ya ce: "Cuvier, Cuvier, zan ci ku!" George ji barci ya kuma gan kofato ƙaho, sa'an nan ya zare ce, "Kai ne ba a predator, ba su samu ci ni."

Akwai kuma wani Cuvier quote cewa duk gabobin da kuma sassa na dabba jiki ne m. Ya furta cewa, "jiki ne wata alaka dukan. Mutum sassa ba za a iya canza ba tare da haddasa canje-canje a cikin sauran. "

nasarori

An yi fice masanin kimiyya a fannin binciken burbushin halittu a lokacin da aka dauke da Zhorzh Kyuve. Brief biography ya ce a 1794 da wani masanin kimiyya aiki a cikin sabon tarihin halittu. Akwai ya rubuta ta farko da aiki a kan entomology, wanda alama farkon tsanani kimiyya aiki.

A 1995, Cuvier fara rayuwa a Paris. A shekara daga baya, sai ya ɗauki kujera na dabba haltta a Sorbonne da aka nada wani memba na National Institute. A 'yan shekarun baya ya zama malamin a shugaban sashen na kamanta haltta na University of Paris.

Domin ya kimiyya nasarori Zhorzh Kyuve samu wani peerage na Faransa da kuma zama memba na Kwalejin Faransa.

ƙarshe

Cuvier ya sanya wani babban taimako ga ci gaban kamanta Anatomy da kuma binciken burbushin halittu. Aikinsa ya zama harsashin da kara nazarin dabbobi, da kuma nau'ukanta aka kiyaye su domin dogon lokaci. Kuma hakĩka, idan ya bar wata yawan tunani iri iri a cikin filin juyin halitta, masanin kimiyya cancanci yabo da amincewa ga m ayyukansu.

Zhorzh Kyuve mutu May 13, 1832.