Misali Paul Hindemith mai wallafawa: labari, rayuwa, kerawa da kuma abubuwan da ke sha'awa

Bulus Hindemith (Paul Hindemith) ya cancanci ɗaukar nauyin daya daga cikin masu kida da ƙwararrun Jamus. Ya wallafa waƙa da yawa da yawa, da aka shirya, ɗakin jam'iyya da kuma waƙoƙin kiɗa, ya rubuta adadi da yawa kuma yayi aiki a kan opera. A Jamus, ya zama mai sabawa, saboda ya yi imanin cewa kiɗa ba kawai ya zama karin waƙa da aka hada da bayanan kula ba, amma har da wani nau'i na tarawa, wanda, bayan sauraron, zai iya zama irin halin kirki.

Shahararrun ga dukan duniyar kaɗa-kaɗe, dan Jamus gaba-gardist

A cikin farkon rabin karni na 20, Paul Hindemith (wani ɗan taƙaitacciyar lissafi wanda za a yi la'akari da shi a cikin labarinmu) an dauke shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa. Ya sake watsi da kyan gani a wannan lokacin a cikin duniyar dodecaphony. Kiɗansa ba kamar abinda aka rubuta a baya ba. Gwamna Goebbels ya gane shi yana daya daga cikin mawallafin Jamus, amma wannan ganewa bai hana dangantakar Paul Hindemith da Nazi ba. An tilasta waƙa da mawaki mai ƙwarewa su bar ƙasarsa. A cikin gudun hijira, ya rubuta ayyukan da yawa game da ilimin fasaha, wanda masu kida da masu kide-kide na zamani suka yi amfani da su a cikin aikin da koyarwarsu. Written by him music works, da Nazis ya haramta, a yau an ba da kyauta zuwa ga category na zamani zamani. Bugu da ari a cikin wannan labarin, zamu bincika tarihin, aikin Paul Hindemith da kuma fasalin ayyukan da ya rubuta.

Bayani na taƙaitaccen bayani game da wurin haihuwa, iyaye da iyalin mawaƙa

Paul Hindemith, wanda aka sani da ayyukansa a ko'ina cikin duniya, an haife shi ne kusa da Frankfurt, a ƙauyen Hanau a Main. Shugaban gidan ya kasance dan Jamusanci artisan - Karl Hindemith. Da farko kallo zai iya zama m daga wanda yaro zai iya gaji gagarumin basira da kuma m kunne kunne. Amma ana san cewa mahaifinsa, Karl Hindemith, mai sauƙi ne, mai son yin wasa a zintra kuma ya kasance mai kirki mai son kwarewa. Mafi mahimmanci, cewa shi ne wanda ya yayyafa wa ɗansa ƙaunar fasaha a gaba ɗaya, ciki har da kiɗa.

Gwaninta na kwarewa da kuma ilmantarwa na gaba

Yarinyar yaron ya fara isa. Tun lokacin yaro, yana sha'awar karatun da wasa da kayan kida, da piano, da violin da viola. Ya karbi koyarwarsa a Frankfurt am Main, ya shiga kundin koli. A nan ne, Bulus ya yi nazarin kullun kuma yayi nazarin abun da ke ciki.

A mutuwar mahaifinsa a gaba da kuma sabis a sojojin Bulus da kansa

A 1915, Karl - mahaifin Bulus - ya rushe a fagen fama. Jamus ta halarci yakin duniya na farko, kuma halin kudi na yawancin iyalan Jamus suna barin abin da ake so. Iyalan mawaƙa da mawaƙa ba banda. Uwar Maryamu ta kasance gwauruwa tare da 'ya'ya uku, kuma Bulus yana neman aiki tare da biya mai kyau don taimakawa ta wata hanya. A wannan lokacin, ya yi farin ciki da karɓar tayin don aiki a matsayin mai taka leda a Ofishin Jakadancin Frankfurt. Jagora na ƙungiyar makaɗaici Ludwig Rottenberg. Abin sha'awa shine gaskiyar cewa a kan 'yarsa Paul Hindemith daga baya ya yi aure.

Ya gudanar da aiki a matsayin mashawarci a cikin gidan opera har 1917. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo kira ga sojojin. A can, wannan saurayi mai basira, ba shakka ya dakatar da aikinsa ba. An yarda da shi a cikin rukuni na soja a matsayin mai bugi, ya kuma zama memba na magungunan magunguna. A shekara ta 1918, ya taka rawar gani na farko a cikin wannan wasan. Bayan karshen aikin soja, Bulus ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera na Frankfurt, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga har sai 1923.

Samun Kira na Likko Amara

A cikin farkon shekarun 20 a cikin al'ummar mawaƙa na Jamus, an san Paul Hindemith a matsayin mai fasaha, dan wasan violin da viola. Aikin aiki a Frankfurt Opera, ya yi ba kawai aikin mai kungiya ba. A cikin layi daya, mai kida ya taka rawar da ta zama karo na biyu a cikin kungiyar A. Rebner. Bayan ya dawo daga sojojin, Hindemith ya yanke shawarar yin wasa a cikin wannan rukuni a kan Viola.

Yawancin lokaci, abubuwan da suka fi son murnar mai kulawa da su, Rebner Bulus ya yi la'akari sosai. Saboda haka, ya canza tawagar kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wata maɓalli - a karkashin jagorancin mai shahararren dan wasan Likko Amar. Wannan rukuni ya kasance har zuwa 1929 kuma, babu shakka, yana da nasara mai yawa ba kawai a gida ba, amma har da iyakarta. Yin aiki a cikin rawar na Viola, Bulus yana da damar yawon shakatawa da ganin yawancin kasashen Turai.

Hanyar bunkasa aikin ci gaba

Paul Hindemith wani mawallafi, wanda ayyukansa da jama'a suka fara a farkon 1922, a birnin Salzburg, a lokacin Kwanakin Duniya na Duniya. Nasarar abubuwan da ya rubuta ya kasance a bayyane, ko da yake ya tayar da hankali sosai. A shekara ta 1923 an nada shi mai tsarawa na bikin na zamani, wanda aka gudanar a cikin gari mai suna Donaueschingen. Bulus ya kasance da gaskiya ga abubuwan da yake so don sababbin abubuwa a cikin kiɗa, kuma yana ƙarfafa ayyukan masu gabatarwa a gaban wannan bikin. Alto repertoire yayin wasan kwaikwayo ya yi kansa.

A shekara ta 1927, Hindemith ya gabatar da wani malamin da ya haɗu a makarantar firamare ta Berlin, kuma ya yarda da shi. Shekaru na gaba don aikinsa sun yi nasara ƙwarai. Bugu da ƙari, koyarwa, Bulus yana takaitaccen aiki na aiki tare da yawon shakatawa a matsayin dan wasan viola. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na da nasaba sosai a Amurka, yana bada wasanni a kasashe da dama, daga cikinsu Misira da Turkey.

Alamar alamar dangantakar dake tsakanin tsarin Nazi da mutanen kirki a Jamus

A cikin shekaru talatin, jam'iyyar Nazi ta zo iko, dangantakar da mawaƙa da mawaki ke da wuya a tsara. Daya daga cikin dalilan shine matar Bulus - Gertrude Rothenberg, tare da shi a shekarar 1924 ya shiga auren aure. Gaskiyar ita ce, bisa ga canons na addini, ba a ɗauke ta ba Bayahude ba, domin Nazis na da muhimmancin gaske. Littafin mawaƙa Ludwig Rothenberg ya Yahudawa ne, kuma hakan ya isa. Kamar mutane da yawa masu kirki, Paul Hindemith (wanda zamu yi la'akari da tarihinsa) ya dauka kansa mutum ne na apolitical. Ya bayyana a fili tare da abokan aikinsa na Yahudawa, mawallafi da masu kida, ba tare da yin watsi da komai na kasa ba. Hakika, jam'iyyar Nazi ba ta son wannan, amma a farkon shekarun 1930, sadarwa tare da Yahudawa bai isa ya hana aiki na mawaƙa ba. Abin da ya sa ke da'awar wannan ƙaddamarwa ta fara farawa da hankali.

Halin da Nazi ya yi wa ayyukan Bulus ya kasance mai sauyawa kuma maras tabbas. Da farko an yaba shi. A 1934, Goebbels kansa ya kira Hindemith ɗaya daga cikin masu kirkirarrun Jamusanci masu mahimmanci na zamaninmu. A wani lokaci, Bulus ma yana karkashin jagorancin Nazis. Ayyukansa suna son wasu wakilan hukumomin Jamus. Har ila yau, wani muhimmiyar rawa ce ta wannan duniya ta taka rawar gani da wannan mawaki da mawaƙa, wanda ya hana Nazi daga kawar da shi.

Halin Hindemith yana da matsala sosai, kuma don dalilai na tsaro ya nuna wa hukumomi shirye-shiryensu don yin sulhu. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Bulus ya fara nunawa a cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka hada da Jamusanci da kuma ra'ayi na duniya. A cikin sababbin ayyuka ya ba da hankali sosai ga labarin labarin Jamus, ya rubuta cewa kayan aiki na aiki ne a cikin nau'i mai kyau da kuma tsabta (halin kirki na Jamus). A wani lokaci yana zaune a cikin ƙasa a cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma zumunci da Yahudawa da ra'ayi na Hindemith cewa mutumin da ke cikin fasaha ya zama cikakkiyar 'yanci kuma mai zaman kansa, ba zai iya faranta wa masu ra'ayin akidar na uku Reich ba.

Tattaunawa tare da wakilan hukumomin Jamus

Paul Hindemith, wanda ayyukansa na kiɗa ya sa sha'awarsa a ƙasashe da dama, a cikin mahaifarsa ya zama cikin kunya. Abun da ke tattare da rikici ya faru a 1934. Dokar Goering ta haramta haramtacciyar opera Hindemith da ake kira "Artist Matis". A cikin jawabinsa, J. Gebels ya kira mai rubuta "mahalarta kararrawa, mai sauti". Masu sukar Nazi suna kiran ayyukansa "fasaha na degenerative". A karkashin matsin lamba mai karfi, Hindemith ya ƙare aikinsa a makarantar Berlin, ya ɗauki hutu ba tare da wani lokaci ba.

Ƙaura zuwa Turkiya da kuma dawowa zuwa sabis na Hitler

A cikin wannan lokaci mai wuya, Bulus ya karbi tayin daga Mustafa Ataturk, dan siyasar Turkiyya da mai gyarawa, don ziyarci Ankara kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya shirin sake tsara tsarin ilimin kiɗa a Turkiyya. Ma'aurata na Hindemites sun yarda da tayin kuma suka bar Jamus a ɗan lokaci. Bulus ya dace da aikin da aka gabatar a gabansa, saboda haka yana taimakawa wajen samar da shirin duniya na ilimi, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin dukan makarantun kiɗa na Turkiyya. Ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don buɗe masarautar kida ta farko a Ankara. Duk da cewa a Turkiyya mawaki da mawaƙa suna jin daɗin girmamawa, ba kamar masu yawa da suka tsere daga Jamus a wancan lokaci ba, shi da matarsa suka yanke shawarar koma gida.

Bayan ya dawo, Bulus ya sake yin sulhu tare da hukumomin Jamus. A shekarar 1936 ya yi rantsuwa da Hitler. Mawallafin ya hada da waƙar yabo na Luftwaffe, ayyukansa da ya kunshi "Jamusanci" da aka fara a cikin ɗakin tarurruka masu yawa a Jamus. Amma wannan "zaman lafiya" tare da Nazis ba ya daɗe. A Jamus, gwagwarmayar budewa ta fara ne game da halin fasahar zamani. Jamus suna kira su "degenerate". Ayyukan Paul (tare da wasu) sun fada a karkashin wannan ma'anar kuma, a ƙarshe, an sanya karshen dakatar da hukuncin kisa a Jamus.

Bugu da} ari, ana} arfafa matakan da ake yi wa Yahudawa, a} asar. Hindemith fara fara jin tsoro ga lafiyar matarsa, wanda ke barazanar barazanar tashin hankalin jiki. Sanin cewa aikinsa bai kasance a cikin Jamus ba, mai rikida, violin da dan violin Hindemith Paul ya yanke shawara na barin ƙasar nan.

Fita daga Jamus kuma dawowa a lokacin yakin basasa

A 1938, Paul ya koma Switzerland, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya yi hijira tare da matarsa zuwa Amurka. A Amurka, an gayyace shi don yin karatu a irin wadannan manyan jami'o'i kamar Yale da Harvard. Duk da cewa Hindemith za a iya zarge shi da kalubalantar kokarin da ya yi na aiki tare da Nazis, a Amurka an yi ayyukansa kuma yana da nasaba sosai. An kira shi banda a duniya na kiɗa na Jamus na wannan zamanin, saboda ba shi da tasirin Nazi. Ya kasance a lokacin da yake zama a Amurka cewa yawancin aikinsa ya fadi. A shekara ta 1946, ya sami 'yan ƙasa na Amurka, amma bayan' yan shekaru, a 1953, ya koma Zurich. A nan ne yake koyar da laccoci a jami'a na gari kuma ya jagoranci orchestras yin aikinsa.

Wannan mutumin kirki, har yanzu a cikin mahaifarsa, a Jamus, ya yi bankwana ga rayuwarsa. Ya koma Frankfurt, inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1963 daga wani harin da aka yi na pancreatitis.

Hannun al'adun gargajiya masu daraja na Hindemith

Paul Hindemith ya zama masanin wariyar launin kiɗa, mai kida, malami, mai jagoranci. Wannan mutumin ya bar shi da yawa a cikin dukkan nau'o'i na kide-kide, ya rubuta adadin ayyukan da ya ƙunsa mawaka, ya ƙunshi kundin ɗakin murya na kayan aiki, kayan aiki na wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo.

Opera - wani ɓangare na rayuwa da kerawa na Paul Hindemith

Babban ɓangaren abin da Bulus ya bar zuriyarsa shi ne wasan kwaikwayo. Masu sharhi da masu wariyar launin fata sunyi imanin cewa a cikin su ne zane-zane na mahalarta da mawaƙa ya bayyana a fili, fahimta da kuma hangen nesa na yau da kullum da halin kirki da dabi'un da marubucin ya biyo baya. Ya kasance a cikin tsarin aikin da Bulus Hindemith yayi aiki har zuwa kwanaki na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa. Mawallafin Jamus ya ƙunshi kida don yawancin wasan kwaikwayon da suka shahara a duniya, ciki har da:

• "Matis Matis".
• "Zaman Lafiya."
• "Nush-Nushi".
• "Kisa shine begen mata."
• "Cardillac".
• "Labaran ranar."
• "Abincin dare na Kirsimeti."
• "Tsarki Susanna".