Musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha: description

Idan jihar na kasa tattalin arzikin faƙĩri ne, shi ne kaucewa mai sha'awar zuwa kasashen waje masu zuba jari, daya daga cikin jimloli na yanzu halin da ake ciki ne na musamman zones, shirya a kasar. A cikin wadannan mutum yankunan shi ne mai yiwuwa a gudanar da wani mabanbanta masana'antu, zuba jari, kasafin kudi da kuma jadawalin kuɗin fito da manufofin.

Mene ne musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha? Me ake halitta su? The m wurare don zuba jari da kuma abin da suke amfanin da jihar? Wadannan da sauran tambayoyi za su yi kokarin amsa a wannan labarin.

musamman zones

Mafi ayyuka da samar da irin wannan yankuna ne, ba shakka, da kasashen Turai. Duk da haka, Rasha kuma yana da quite wani tsanani yuwuwar a cikin wannan yanki. Don kwanan wata, kasar rajista fiye da biyu dozin OEZ.Osnovnye musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha za a iya raba da dama iri:

• masana'antu;
• yawon shakatawa.
• dabaru.
• fasaha.

A kadan daga baya za mu yi magana a more daki-daki game da nauóín SEZ. Kuma yanzu gaya maka game da su location. A musamman tattalin arziki zone hada da yankin Rasha a karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan. Wannan kuma ya hada da Kaliningrad yankin. Don sabuwar halitta sun hada da Crimean sashin.

asali Concepts

A wannan yankin, a kyawawan m terminology. Bari shi kwanta a bit. Lalle ne ka ji irin wannan bayanin:

• musamman tattalin arziki zone.
• free tattalin arziki yankin.
• sashi na free cinikayya .
• Musamman tattalin arziki Zone.

Ta yaya za a iya gane abin da suke duk nufi? Complex akwai kome. Duk na sama - daban-daban names for guda sabon abu. An togiya iya can zama ba, fãce mai free cinikayya zone. Wannan lokaci kuma yana nufin da free ƙasa, amma da yawa karami. Yawanci, da yancin cinikayya yanki gaba ka koma ga jiki raba ƙasa a cikin teku, ko iska tashoshin jiragen ruwa, inda babu kwastan wajibi. A classic misali - wajibi Free.

Manufofi da kuma yanayi ga halittar SEZ

Musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha - shi ne dukan ƙasar (gundumomi, yankuna da kuma jamhuriyoyin), wanda da musamman doka matsayi. Akwai ya, taushi da tattalin arziki yanayi. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka ne musamman da amfani ga m ko waje masu zuba jari. Duk da shari'a mahaluži kade harkokin kasuwanci a cikin SEZ, sunan da mazauna.

Don ƙirƙirar musamman tattalin arziki zone dole ne wani yanayi:

• mai kyau Gwargwadon wuri na ƙasa.
• samuwan yankunan domin ci gaba;
• kayayyakin more rayuwa;
• hannu na mutum albarkatun da dabarun da suka kamata.
• da yiwuwar ci gaba da interregional da dangantakar kasa da kasa;
• kasancewar tarihi ayyukan.

Me muke bukata musamman zones

All Rasha musamman tattalin arziki zone tsara don magance dabarun kalubale. Da kafa irin wannan yankunan taimaka biyu, zuwa ga ci gaban da kasar a matsayin dukan da kuma inganta rayuwar da mutum regionah.S kungiyar SEZ jihar solves da wadannan ayyuka:

• halittar wani babban yawan sabon jobs for mutane da isa cancantar.
• jawo hankalin kasashen waje babban birnin kasar zuwa cikin kasar.
• arfafa m kera su zuba jari a yankan-baki fasahar kere, da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa.
• riƙewa na ilimi yuwuwar na kasar.
• ci gaba da kuma goyon baya na cikin gida da kera.

Mazauna takara a gaban musamman tattalin arziki yankin, kuma suna da nasu abũbuwan amfãni:

• amfani da haraji karya don rage administrative da kuma aiki halin kaka.
• ceton a daban-daban da aikinsu, rents da sauran biya zuwa ƙirƙirar mafi m samfurin.
• suna da ikon jawo hankalin kwararrun ma'aikata.
• kara su da kudaden shiga wani ɓangare daga minimizing nasu halin kaka.

Bugu da kari, da gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin SEZ gwamnatin ciyarwa mafi sau da yawa a nasu kudi. Yana kuma rage nauyi a kan mazauna.

Mene ne jigon da SEZ?

Kamar yadda ka sani, duk musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha (a jerin su quite manyan) don taimaka wajen samar ko bincika sababbin yankuna da kuma masana'antu management. Musamman gwamnatin halitta, 'yan kasuwa da niyyar cewa ba za su iya cikin wani gajeren lokaci zuwa reconfigure su kasuwanci a karkashin sabon yanayi. A classic misali - Crimea. Wannan shi ne cikakken sabon ƙasa, dukan kasuwanci wanda ya dade da aka saba da dokokin na Ukraine. Yanzu, 'yan kasuwa bukatar lokaci da kuma basin reorient shi. Saboda haka, gwamnatin lowers haraji, simplifying kwastan tsarin adapts da inshora tsarin da simplifies rajista. A wannan abu ya faru a sauran yankuna.

amfanin

akwai m tattalin arziki yanayi domin SEZ mazauna. Alal misali, irin wannan:

• cinikayya gata - babu aikinsu a kan shigo da albarkatun kasa, ko kayayyakin gyara, idan sun kasance dole don samar da karshe samfurin, kuma ba domin resale.
• zuba jari basin kuma asasshe a fagen haraji - raguwa a haraji rates ko su ɓõye, akan rage kasashen waje musayar iko.
• qananan hani ko cikakken rashin ikon mallakar m dukiya zuwa kasashen waje.
• Saukake matsayin for wurin aiki kayan aiki, albashinsu, da aminci, kuma haka a kan;
• araha gine-gine da kuma ƙasar - yiwuwar gina warehouses da kuma samar da wuraren karkashin sharuddan da m haya rates;
• m da kuma araha ayyuka da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa - tallafin da ga utilities, cheap gas, ruwa, wutar lantarki, gyaran hanya, da samar da sufuri.
• ragewan na ma'aunansa na gurbacewar muhalli da kuma ta kariya.
• gaban yawa cheap aiki, babu kwadago da sauran ma'aikata.
• bude hanya zuwa kasuwanni - duka biyu na ciki da kuma na waje.
• dogon lokaci rashin samun kudin shiga da haraji.
• dauke da fitar kwastan hanyoyin kai tsaye kan gabatarwa ko expedited bayar da izni, da sauransu.

Nau'in na musamman tattalin arziki zones

Kamar yadda muka ce, duk da zones da musamman tattalin arziki yanayi za a iya raba wannan iri:

• masana'antu samar - shi ne mai manyan hadaddun, mayar da hankali a kan samar da manyan yawa daga wani rukuni na kayayyakin.
• free cinikayya zones - wuraren da cewa ba fada karkashin iko na kwastan da sabis. a cikin wadannan yankunan yana da za'ayi ba kawai sayar da kayayyakin amma kuma ta ajiya, gwaji, marufi, kuma haka a kan;
• yawon shakatawa - yankunan da bunkasa yawon shakatawa kansu, inda akwai yanayi na musamman ga 'yan kasuwa.
• sabis - a cikin yankunan da sanya shigo da fitarwa da kuma kudi ayyuka da za'ayi a karkashin yanayi na musamman. wani classic misali - na cikin teku.
• kimiyya, fasaha, promotional - masana'antu Parks, wuraren yanayi na musamman suna da za'ayi ci gaba da kuma gudanar da bincike a wani musamman filin of management.

"Alabuga"

Yanzu bari mu dauki wani kusa look at wasu daga cikin na musamman tattalin arziki sashi na Rasha. Bari mu fara da SEZ "Alabuga". Wannan masana'antu-samarwa zone aka located a Jamhuriyar Tatarstan, kusa da garin Elabuga, kawai 25 km daga Naberezhnye Chelny.

Sana'a a nan shi ne quite bambance bambancen:

• samar da motocin da mota aka gyara.
• samar da iyali kayan.
• pharmaceutical samarwa;
• tsirar da furniture.
• himproizvodstvo high-tech.
• jirgin sama gini.

A wannan yanki rajista 42 mazaunin kuma aiki kawai a kan 4.5 dubu mutane. Yankin zone - 20 murabba'in kilomita.

Don zama wani mazaunin cewa hadaddun, kana bukatar ka:

• rajistar kamfanin a kan ƙasa na Yelabuga Municipality.
• sa hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da jagorancin SEZ, da aikata su, don bayar da gudunmawa ga zuba jari kudi a cikin adadin ba kasa da 1 miliyan kudin Tarayyar Turai na farko shekara da jimlar zuba jari ga dukan tsawon lokacin da kwangila - ba kasa da 10 miliyan kudin Tarayyar Turai.

'Yan kasuwa, da suka zama mazauna a cikin tattalin arziki zone "Alabuga" zai iya ƙidaya a kan irin wannan fifiko:

• free kwastan zone a cikin abin da waje kayan aiki za a iya sanya ba tare da biyan kudi na VAT da kwastan aikinsu.
• babu fitarwa, wajabce a kan fitarwa na kerarre kayayyakin.
• full kebewa daga cikin aikace-aikace na kai haraji, ƙasar haraji da sauran biya zuwa kasafin kudin na jamhuriyar;
• da samun kudin shiga haraji kudi a farkon shekaru biyar ne kawai 2%, na biyu shekaru biyar shirin - 7%, sa'an nan har zuwa 2055 - 15.5%.
• ƙasar a wani araha price, sauki damar zuwa utilities, bari saukar zuwa iyakoki rabo da wutar lantarki, da iskar gas, zafi, najasa.
• kebewa daga dukiya haraji da sauran abubuwan daka zaba.

SEZ "Dubna"

Wannan fasahar cin zone, kafa a shekarar 2005 a kan tushen da RF gwamnatin umurnin № 781.

SEZ "Dubna" yanki yana da wani yanki na kimanin 200 da gona wajen kadada da aka kashi uku:

• shirye-shirye gari.
• nanotechnology dandali.
• mãkirci na nukiliya-jiki fasahar.

A fifiko yankunan da wannan SEZ ne:

• tehsistem hadaddun zane;
• fasahar binciken halittu;
• hadaddun likita da fasaha;
• bayanai fasahar.
• kumshin kayan .
• nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi da kuma nanotechnology.

Mazauna yankin na iya zama duka IP da kuma kasuwanci kungiyoyi. The kawai ware ne unitary Enterprises da kuma kasashen waje kamfanonin. Don zama wani mazaunin na SEZ "Dubna", kana bukatar yin rajistar wani kamfanin a cikin ƙasa na Municipality kuma a kammala da wata yarjejeniya da hukumomi za su gudanar da promotional ayyukan.

A mazauna musamman tattalin arziki zone kuma iya ƙidaya a wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi yanayi a fannin haraji da sauran iri goyon baya. Haraji amfanin iya sun hada da:

• babu VAT a kan fitarwa na kaya kasashen waje.
• sifili kudi na kudin shiga da haraji biya wa tarayya kasafin kudin 01.01.2018;
• 13.5% - kudin shiga da haraji a biya zuwa gida kasafin kudin.
• 14% - kashe-kasafin kudin biya.
• 0% - da kudi na ƙasar haraji don 5 shekaru, dukiya haraji - domin shekaru 10, da kai da haraji - 5 shekaru.

Har ila yau, mazauna dõgara sauran abubuwan daka zaba:

• fifikon haya na gabatarwa da kuma ƙasar.
• free dangane da aikin injiniya networks da kuma sadarwa.
• expedited aiki na takardu don ƙasar mãkirci.
• free kwastan yanki.
• high-gudun watsa bayanai tsarin.

Har ila yau, mazauna suna miƙa wani free kwastan zone, da yanayi a karkashin abin da shigo da wajibi ne ba a biya a kan waje da kayayyaki da kuma VAT a kan fitarwa na Rasha.

"Altai Valley"

TRZ "Altai Valley" - dan yawon shakatawa da kuma wasanni yankin. Yana da aka kafa a watan Fabrairu 2007, dangane da gwamnatin umurnin lambar 67. A wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi ne azurta Shekaru 49.

Wannan yanki ne located 12 km daga birnin Gorno-Altaisk, Jamhuriyar Altai cibiyar. Akwai suna bayar da sabon jobs for game 2.5 dubu mutane. A ƙasa yayi musamman dama ga mazauna. Hadin gwiwa da aka gina a kan ka'idodin jama'a-zaman kansa cinikayya. Wannan yana nufin cewa halittar da ake bukata ne kudi daga cikin kasafin kudin, da kuma halittar yawon shakatawa da wuraren - da rabo daga zaman zuba jari.

A jihar tabbatar da gagarumin administrative abũbuwan amfãni:

• ba tsangwama a aiwatar da zuba jari ayyukan;
• Saukake dubawa format.
• "Daya taga" Yanayin.
• kisa da haya ga ƙasar mãkirci tare da kayyade doka matsayi.

Masu zuba jari ma jira da kuma haraji credits:

• 0% - dukiya haraji da kuma ƙasar saye for 5 shekaru.
• hayan ga ƙasar - ba fiye da 2% na cadastral darajar.
• ragewan rates na abin hawa haraji.
• akan rage kudin shiga da haraji to 15.5%.

"Turquoise Katun"

TRZ «Turquoise Katun" - wani wasanni da kuma yawon shakatawa yankin. Yana yana cikin mafi girma a yankin na dukan data kasance - 3326 kadada. "Turquoise Katun" tana wurinta kamar yadda na farko da kuma mafi babban yankin na halitta da kuma matsananci da hawa dutse, kasu kashi biyu. A farko - ga matasa. Sa'an nan kuma akwai da ski cibiyoyin, climbers, rafters, trackers, matasa dakunan kwanan dalibai da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa saba. Na biyu - for m yawon bude ido. Akwai dadi da kuma tsada hotels da kuma sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa.

Wannan tattalin arziki zone ne, a gaskiya, an kawai farko ta ci gaba, amma ya riga yana da wani gagarumin yawan masu zuba jari son su zuba jari kudi a m sharuddan. Bayan duk, da mazauna a nan ana kuma miƙa basin kuma fifiko.

"Titanium Valley"

SEZ "Titanium Valley", halitta a cikin Sverdlovsk yankin, shi ne kuma quite na musamman. Shugabanci na ayyuka na SEZ - titanium masana'antu, da m a kan ƙasa na Rasha Federation. Ga shi bayar da gagarumin amfani ga Enterprises, mayar da hankali a kan samar da aiki na high-tech duniya-aji samfurin. A fifiko sassa suna dauke nan titanium aiki da kuma samar da kayayyakin ta, yi na kayan aiki ga metallurgical shuke-shuke da aikin injiniya, da samar da gine-gine da kayayyakin.

"Ulyanovsk"

SEZ PT "Ulyanovsk" da kuma mayar da hankali a kan inji aikin injiniya da kuma kayan aiki shawara. A nan, a cikin girmamawa wadannan ayyukan:

• instrumentation, Electronics masana'antu.
• jirgin sama.
• jirgin sama tabbatarwa.
• samar da wutar lantarki, kayan aiki;
• tsirar da kumshin kayan.
• Sauran rassan aikin injiniya.

A ƙarshe, ina so in ce game da wadanda ba 'yan kasuwa mazaunin guje su kasuwanci a kan ƙasa na musamman tattalin arziki zone. Mafi sau da yawa, suna kuma iya ƙidaya a kan wani ɓangare na fifiko bayar ga mazauna, saboda yanayin su aiki ya kamata a magance da SEZ management.

Alal misali, a cikin wani tattalin arziki zone a matsayin Kaliningrad yankin, da saukar da kudin shiga da haraji shafi cikakken to duk Enterprises, ko da kuwa da irin kasuwanci da kuma samfurin kungiyoyin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa bude na kasuwanci ne mafi ban sha'awa a cikin SEZ. Hakika, a lokacin da ta je albashi.