Philippics - menene wannan?

Philippics - wani rashin tsoro magana, a tirade Allah wadai da sanarwa. Wannan lokaci da aka tarihi hade da biyu shahararren jawabai, a tarihin duniya - Demosthenes na Girka da Romawa Cicero.

Historical bayanai: Philip II

Daya daga cikin manyan haruffa na 4th karni BC, Aleksandr Makedonsky ne, wanda aka rubuta da yawa daga littattafai da yawa fina-finai yin fim. Duk da haka, babu kasa m ya mahaifinsa, Philip II (382-336 BC. E.), wanda shi ma wani babban jarumi kuma mai makici. Macedonia mallakar arewa-maso-gabashin ƙasashe na Helenawa sashin. A gabas, iyakar da dabbanci-Thracians, located kadan m frighteningly m Farisa. Kuma saboda da Gwargwadon matsayi a Makidoniya kafa wani takamaiman yare na Greek harshe, inda akwai da yawa jahili kalmomi.

Macedonia aka dauke matalauta conventionally wayawa, da kuma kai hari da shi, duk wanda kawai ya ba m. Idan ba overbearing Philip II, samu daga wani irin mashawarta Macedonian sarakuna, kasar dã sun kawai tsage baya. A 23, ya zama sarki da lashe wani suna a matsayin mai iko m. A matsayin ya karfafa ta wurin gaskiyar cewa lashe kama ƙasashe Athens da sassafe ya tattara mai iko sojojin, ya kuma fara kai farmaki da makwabta.

Mene ne philippic?

M Athenian orator Demosthenes (384-322 BC. E.) Tare da irin wannan so da kuma fushi da fallasa da wasanni na King Philip na Macedonia, maƙiyi ga Athenian dimokuradiyya, abin da sunansa ya ba da dalilin renaming "protivomakedonskih" bayyanuwa "diatribes". Waɗannan su ne fushi da kuma diatribes. Wannan sunan ya janyo hankalin da sanannen Roman orator - Cicero cewa incriminating jawabai da Mark Antony , ma, ya zama sananne a matsayin "philippics".

Fushi da jawabai na Demosthenes

The jigo na farko da aka ƙera diatribes kira Athenians a tsayayya wa. Demosthenes bukaci Athenians zama a shirye domin yaƙi, da kokarin shawo kansu cewa su sun sha wahala saboda kuskure da kuma gazawarsa na sarki Filippa Makedonskogo. Ya yi tsayayya da yin amfani da sojojin haya a Athenian sojoji, da kuma samarwa halittar wani m soja da karfi da cewa zai zama a ƙasar Makidoniya, kuma suka saɓa Philip sojojin. Philippics - wani m da fushi jawabin, wanda yana da iko sakamako a kan saurarõnsu. A mafi tsanani cajin wa Sarkin Macedon shi ne cewa ya keta sharuddan da yarjejeniya 346 shekara.

A na gaba (na biyu) philippic - shi ne mai mayar da martani ga wani tashin hankali hari na Philip da magoya bayansa a cikin Athenian masõya birni. A cikin uku fushi magana Demosthenes amfani da cikakken karfi da ya balaga, ya bukaci da matakai mataki da Filibus, da sa ran kara na makamashi daga Athenian mutane. Macedonia da kuma Athens da aka riga a zahiri shine belligerents. Abu mafi muhimmanci da cewa Philip ne farkon wanda ya karya zaman lafiya.

Uku philippic - wannan shi ne mafi kyau siyasa da jawabai na Demosthenes, suka yi girman matsayin mafi tasiri siyasa na Athens da kuma shi ne suzerain na Athenian siyasa scene, wani m shugaban na anti-Macedonian ƙungiya, wanda ya kira ga Athenian tawaye da Philip.

Fourth philippic kuma dangana ga Demosthenes, nuna kira zuwa aika wani ofishin jakadancin zuwa Athens a Farisa, amma akwai wasu shakku game da marubucin. Modern Ozhegova Dictionary ma'anar wannan ra'ayi kamar haka: fushi diatribe. A lokaci daga baya amfani da irin wannan Rasha marubuta kamar Chernyshevsky, Turgenev, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chekhov da sauransu.