Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane da sunayen sarauta. Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane da jigogi

Tun lokacin da 1850s a Ingila, suka fara samar da sabon shugabanci a shayari kuma zanen. Yana da aka kira "Pre-Raphaelites." Wannan labarin ya gabatar da babban ideas na m al'umma, kerawa theme, Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane da sunayen sarauta.

Su wane ne Pre-Raphaelites?

A wani kokarin samun daga m ilimi hadisai da kuma idon basira ilmi na Victoria zamanin, wani rukuni na artists Ya halitta kansa shugabanci a cikin art. An shiga kusan dukkanin duniyoyin rayuwa, kafa musamman hali da kuma sadarwa na halittawa. Kuma art shugabanci, da kuma wakilan da painters sun guda sunan - Pre-Raphaelites. Pictures nuna su dangantaka da farkon Renaissance. A gaskiya ma, fraternity sunan yayi magana don kansa. Painters sha'awar halittawa wanda ya yi aiki kafin tasowar Raphael da Michelangelo. Daga cikin su - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Direction ɓullo da a lokacin da biyu da rabi na karni na 19th.

fitowan

Har 1850s duk Burtaniya art aka karkashin reshe na Royal Academy of Arts. Its shugaban kasar, Sir Joshuwa Reynolds, kazalika da wani wakilin na aikin cibiyoyin m yarda sababbin abubuwa da gwaje-gwajen karfafa dalibai.

A karshen, wadannan kunkuntar sãsannin sanya da dama artists da irin wannan ra'ayi kan art a general gama a 'yan'uwantaka. A farko daga cikin wakilan zama Littafi Hunt da Dante Rossetti. Suka sadu da a wani nuni a makarantar kimiyya da kuma a cikin shakka daga tattaunawar, ya fahimci cewa su ra'ayoyi suna kama.

Rossetti rubuta da zane "Matasa na Virgin Mary" a wannan lokacin, da kuma Hunt ya taimake shi a gama da shi ba kome, amma maganar. Tuni a 1849, da zane da aka splashed a kan show. The matasa amince da cewa zamani Turanci zanen da yake faruwa ta hanyar mafi kyau lokaci a cikin tarihi. Domin ko ta yaya raya wannan art form, ya wajaba a koma ga kayan yau da kullum doakademicheskim, domin sauki da kuma sensuality.

Babban wakilan

Da farko, da Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, wanda hotuna sun hũra sabon rayuwa a cikin Burtaniya da al'adunsu, sun kunshi mutane bakwai.

1. Littafi Mai Hunt. Ya rayu tsawon rai, zama gaskiya to ya views on art har mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubucin da dama wallafe, kuma ya gaya mana game da 'yan'uwantaka mambobi da kuma bayyana pre-Raphaelite zane-zane. Daga cikin shahararrun zane-zane na zane-zane - "Shadow Mutuwa" (addini zanen Yesu), "Isabella da Pot na Basil" (dogara ne a kan waka Dzhona Kitsa), "scapegoat" (rubuta a kan tushen da Littafi Mai Tsarki labarai).

2. Dzhon Mille. Ya aka sani kamar ƙarami dalibi na Academy of Arts, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaba. John bayan wani dogon aiki a cikin style of Pre-Raphaelite 'yan'uwantaka barranta. To ciyar da iyalinsa, ya fara zuwa cin hotuna a kan tsari da kuma nasara. A mafi ƙwarai aikin - "Almasihu a cikin House da mahaifansa biyu" (addini hoto, cike da alamu na nan gaba rayuwa da mutuwar Almasihu), "Ophelia" (rubuta a kan episode-akai na "alƙarya"), "kumfa" (zanen marigayi lokaci na kerawa, ya zama sananne a matsayin talla sabulu).

3. Dante Rossetti. A zane-zane da aka cika da sadaukarwa na kyakkyawa da alfasha daga mata. Mata tasa Alisabatu ta zama wata babbar Muse na zane-zane. Ta mutuwa gurgunta da Dante. Ya sanya ta a cikin akwatin gawa na rubuce-rubucen kasidu na, amma bayan 'yan shekaru, zuwa ga kansa, ya sanya da exhumation da suka kawo su daga kabari. Sananne ayyukansu: "Albarka ta tabbata Beatrice" (wanda aka nuna matar Dante, wanda shi ne tsakanin rai da mutuwa), "Proserpina" (Roman aljanna tare da wani gurnati a hannunsa), "Veronica Veronese" (m zanen da ta nuna da m tsari).

4. Maykl Rossetti. Dante ta ɗan'uwansu, wanda kuma karatu a Academy. Amma a karshen Na zabi hanya mai zargi kuma marubuci. Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane da aka akai-akai hõre shi indiscriminately. Yana da wani biography ɗan'uwansa. Ya tsara ainihin manufar shugabanci.

5. Tomas Vulner. Ya kasance mai sculptor da mawãƙi ne. A cikin farkon aikin ya goyan bayan ra'ayin da pre-Raphaelites, ya juya zuwa ga yanayi da kuma la'akari da qananan bayani. Ya buga waqoqi a cikin mujallar na 'yan'uwantaka, amma sai sulale daga janar ra'ayoyi da kuma mayar da hankali a kan gargajiya siffofin.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist da art sukar lamiri. Pretty da ewa ba, ya zama disillusioned tare da talanti guda na da zane-zane da kuma mayar da hankali kan zargi. Ya dauke aikinsa, ya bayyana wa jama'a manufar da 'yan'uwantaka da kuma tsarkake Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane. Yana kiyaye wasu daga cikin zane-zane: "The Marquis da Griselda", "Uwar kuma Child", "Mutuwar Sarki Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. I ya zama mũmini, don haka ya fentin addini batutuwa. Na bar al'umma bayan gero zanen da aka soki a cikin latsa kuma kira kafirci ne. Daga cikin ayyukan da ya yi - "The Holy Family", "Tauye Elizabeth na Hungary", "Sisters".

Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane wanda ya sa da yawa daga jayayya, yana mai yawan kamar shiryayye mutane. Sun kasance ba ɓangare na 'yan'uwantaka, amma bin asali ra'ayoyin. Daga cikin su - da artist L. Alma-Tadema, zanen F. M. Brown, da zane-zane William Deverell, embroiderer M. Morris, zane Hughes da sauransu.

The zargi a can farko

Da farko, pre-Raphaelite zane-zane da aka hadu da sukar quite dumi. Suka zama kamar wata iska daga sabo ne iska. Duk da haka, halin da ake ciki escalated bayan da biyayya a cikin hasken da dama addini zane-zane, da aka rubuta a cikin wadanda ba yarda da canons.

A musamman, da zanen "Almasihu a cikin House da mahaifansa biyu" Mille goga. A kan zane dake nuna gintsẽwa yanayi, sito, kusa da waje kiwo tumaki. Virgin durqusa a gaban kadan Yesu, wanda ya m hannunsa tare da wani ƙusa. Gero ya cika wannan hoto alamomin. A jini hannunka - wata ãyã daga cikin gaba gicciye, da kwano da ruwa, wanda yana da Yahaya Maibaftisma - alama ce ta Epiphany, kurciya zaune a kan matakala, an gano da Ruhu Mai Tsarki, da tumaki - tare da m azabtar.

Masu sun kira wannan zanen kafirci ne. Jaridar "The Times" Saukakku zanen tawaye a art. Wasu, nuna a kwatanta Mai Tsarki Family da kowa mutane, halin a matsayin aikin da gero ta m, kuma m.

Rossetti hoto "Gaske Shelar" ne ma a karkashin harin. Fenta tako daga Littafi Mai Tsarki Canon, da Virgin sanye da fararen tufafi. A kan zane da aka nuna firgita. IF Stone zargi kwatanta da Pre-Raphaelite aiki tare da na banza ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi.

Wa ya san abin da zai yi da rabo daga cikin kauna, idan ba a kan gefen sanya sèka Dzhon Roskin, wanda ra'ayi kirga duk.

Effect iko mutum

Dzhon Roskin ya ma'adanin tarihi da ya rubuta fiye da daya kimiyya aikin da matsahi na saba da aikin Pre-Raphaelites. Abin da ya ya mamaki a lokacin da ya lura cewa, duk da tunani da kuma ra'ayoyin kafa fitar a cikin articles, sun samu su sa a cikin 'yan'uwantaka da zane.

Ruskin bayar da shawarar da shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin jigon yanayi, da hankali ga daki-daki, da dakatar da dokar ta canons da image al'amuran yadda ya kamata su kasance. Duk wannan yana a hada da pre-Raphaelite shirin.

A zargi ya rubuta da dama articles for "The Times", wanda ya yaba da aikin artists. Ya sayi wasu daga cikin zane-zane, da goyon bayan artists, da kuma ta abi'a, da kuma kudi. Ruskin son wannan sabon da kuma sabon abu style of zanen man zane-zane. Pre-Raphaelites baya halitta da dama hotuna da ya zama majiɓinci, kuma ya zama majiɓinci.

A mãkirci

Da farko, da artists juya na musamman ga Ikklesiyoyin bishara batutuwa, mayar da hankali a kan kwarewa da kyaun mãsu halittawa daga cikin farkon Renaissance. Ba su nemi su kashe wani hoto na coci canons. Babban makasudin da aka canja wurin da falsafa tunani a kan zane. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa pre-Raphaelite zane-zane a matsayin cikakken kuma m.

"The Matasa na Virgin Mary" Rossetti ya a ajiye tare da bukatun da Victoria zamanin. Yana nuna wani suna fadin yarinya a kula da shi da uwa tasa. An yawanci Zagayawar karatun Dante da aka sa a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Virgin allura. Ta ado a kan zane mai Lily - wata alama ce ga tsarkakuwa, kuma da rashin laifi. Uku furanni a kan wani tushe - da Uba, da Ɗa da kuma Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Palm ganye da ƙaya da ƙayayuwa - qawar da baƙin Maryama. A hoto ne ba m abubuwa, da launuka da ayyuka - duk tsara don nuna da falsafa hankali.

A kadan daga baya, da Pre-Raphaelites painters, wanda hotuna janyo hankalin jama'a da hankali ya fara karkata ga topic na mutum rashin daidaito ( "Lady Lilith"), wulakanta mata ( "woken tufafin"), hijira ( "The Last Ingila").

An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin 'yan'uwantaka da ayyukan buga zane-zane dangane da ayyukan da Turanci kasida da marubuta. Painters wahayi zuwa da ayyukan Shakespeare, Keats, da kuma Italian Dante Alighieri.

mace images

zane-zane da jigogi na mace haruffa a cikin Pre-Raphaelite quite bambanta. Su a haɗe kawai a daya - a kan su canvasses mulki mace kyakkyawa. Ladies Zagayawar kokari kyau, a kwantar da hankula, da tabawa da asiri. Akwai daban-daban batutuwa: la'ana, mutuwa, unrequited soyayya, ruhaniya tsarki.

Popular sau da yawa shi tãyar da topic na zina, inda wata mace da aka fallasa su unseemly haske. Hakika, ba ta da wani m azãba, dõmin ya mataki.

Mata sau da yawa ba a da su ga fitina, kuma da muguwar sha'awa a cikin zane-zane na Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Amma akwai wani kuma baya da mãkirci, inda mutumin ne m fall mata (kamar yadda a cikin zane-zane na "Marianne", "woken tufafin").

A Model

Mafi yawa daga model domin zane-zane da artist nã zãɓen abokai da dangi. Rossetti sau da yawa ya rubuta wa mahaifiyata da kuma 'yar'uwa ( "The Matasa na Virgin Mary"), amma kuma makoma zuwa sabis na ya farka Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Duk da yake Elizabeth na da rai, da ƙaunataccen matarsa, mace images samu ta fuskar.

Effie Gray, matar gero da kuma tsohon matar Ruskin, za a kama a kan fim "The domin a saki" Vertical Yahaya da goga.

Annie Miller, Bride Hunt, shirya kai kusan duk artists na 'yan'uwantaka. Yana ne wanda aka nuna a cikin zane-zane na "Elena Troyanskaya", "woken tufafin", "Woman, a rawaya."

shimfidar

Shimfidar rubuta kawai wasu daga cikin artists a cikin wannan shugabanci. Da suka fito daga cikin ganuwar ofisoshin kuma yi aiki a bude iska. Wannan ya taimaka painters kama kowane karshe, daki-daki, su hoto da yake cikakke.

Ciyar sa'o'i Pre-Raphaelites a cikin yanayi, don haka kamar yadda ba miss guda daki-daki. Wannan aiki da ake buƙata a Titanic haƙuri, kuma da ikon haifar. Kila saboda da halaye na shirin bai samu wuri mai faɗi da shugabanci irin wannan yaduwa kamar yadda wasu nau'o'i.

Mai ka'idodinta zanen halitta a cikin zane-zane da Hunt cikakken nuna "English tekun" da kuma Millais 'kaka ganye ".

Lalacewar

Bayan da dama nasara nune-nunen da Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood fara fada baya. Kawo tare da soyayya na tsakiyar zamanai ya bai isa ba. Kowane mutum na da aka nema masa hanya. Hunt kadai ya kasance da aminci ga ka'idojin wannan Trend har karshen.

Yaƙĩni zo a cikin 1853, lokacin da Millais ya membobinsu na Royal Academy. Brotherhood m up gaba daya. Wasu sun koma baya daga zanen na dogon lokaci (misali, Rossetti dauki up rubuce-rubuce).

Duk da ainihin bayanin daina rayuwa, da Pre-Raphaelites amsa kamar yadda shugabanci don wani lokaci. Duk da haka, da irin rubuce-rubuce da hotuna da kuma 'yan janar ka'idojin gurbata.

marigayi Pre-Raphaelites

Domin artists, wakiltar daga baya mataki shakka, sun hada da kabilar Saminu Sulemanu (aiki na kama jigon motsi da kuma kishili aestheticism da muradi), Evelyn De Morgan (rubuta a kan mythological jigogi, kamar "Ariadne auf Naxos"), zane Genri Forda.

Akwai da dama daga artists suka rinjayi Pre-Raphaelite zane-zane. Photos of wasu daga cikinsu sau da yawa ya bayyana a Birtaniya latsa. Yana Sofia Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton da sauransu.

darajar

Prerafaelitizm kira kusan na farko m shugabanci na Ingila, wanda shi ne shahara a duniya. Kowane sukar lamiri ko layman yana da nasa ra'ayi da dama domin tantance kerawa na painters. Lalle ne kawai da abu daya - yana da ga shiga cikin duk fannoni na al'umma.

Yanzu yawa reinvented. Rubuta sabon kimiyya ayyukansu, kamar "Pre-Raphaelites. Rayuwa da kuma aiki na 500 zane-zane." Wani zo ga ƙarshe cewa wakilan wannan Trend ya riga na Symbolists. Wani ya ce game da tasirin da masu Pre-Raphaelite hippie kuma ko da Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases nuna a manyan gidajen tarihi a kasar Birtaniya. Sabanin ga sanannen imani, pre-Raphaelite zane-zane a cikin hermitage ba adana. Nunin na zane-zane da aka farko da aka nuna a Rasha a shekara ta 2008 a Tretyakov Gallery.