Principles of rarrabuwa na kwayoyin

Kwayoyin (microbes) an dauke su guda-celled kwayoyin, wanda size bai wuce 0.1 mm. A wakilan wannan babban rukuni iya daban-daban salula kungiyar, morphological fasali da kuma damar metabolism, cewa shi ne babban alama cewa haɗa kan bangaskiya su ne size. Kalmar "kananan kwayoyin" ba a bai wa wani taxonomic hankali. Microbes kasance a cikin taxonomic raka'a, da kuma sauran 'yan wadannan raka'a iya zama kwayar kuma isa manyan rabbai.

Common hanyoyin da rarrabuwa na microorganisms

A sakamakon da hankali jari na gaskiyane abu game da germs akwai bukatar bullo da dokoki na siffarsu da kuma amfaninsa.

Domin da rarrabuwa na kwayoyin halin da wadannan halittun: yankin, phylum, aji, domin, iyali, HALITTAR, jinsunan. A ilimin kimiyya amfani da binomial tsarin na halaye na abu, watau cikin kewayon hada sunayen HALITTAR da jinsunan.

Ga masu rinjaye na kwayoyin halin musamman m da kuma duniya tsarin, Saboda haka su division cikin halittun ba za a iya yi kawai da morphological haruffa. A sharudda da hannu da kuma aikin fasali, da kuma kwayoyin halittu data, da kuma biochemical matakai na kwarara Charts da t. D.

ganewa Features

Don gane da wani ba a sani ba kananan kwayoyin ne da za'ayi karatu a wadannan Properties:

1. Cytology Kwayoyin (musamman na zuwa pro- ko eukaryotic kwayoyin).
2. A ilimin halittar jiki na Kwayoyin da mazauna (musamman yanayi).
3. Al'adu halaye (girma halaye a kan daban-daban kafofin watsa labarai).
4. A hadaddun physiological Properties, wanda dogara ne a kan numfashi rarrabuwa irin kwayoyin (aerobic, anaerobic)
5. Biochemical halaye (gaban ko babu wasu na rayuwa tafarkin).
6. Saita daga cikin kwayoyin nazarin halittu Properties, hada da na nucleotide jerin records, dama na hybridization na nucleic acid da irin damuwa da hotuna.
7. Chemotaxonomic Manuniya yakan haifar da shan la'akari da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na daban-daban mahadi da kuma Tsarin.
8. Serological halayyar (dauki "antigen - antibody", musamman ga pathogenic microorganisms).
9. A zama da kuma yanayi na ji na ƙwarai to takamaiman phage.

Systematics da rarrabuwa na kwayoyin na zuwa prokaryotes, yana da za'ayi ta hanyar "Bergey Manual a kan taxonomy na kwayoyin." Kuma ganewa aka yi amfani da Bergey determinant.

Hanyoyi daban-daban na kassa microbes

Don sanin taxonomic akidar da wani musamman kwayoyin, amfani da hanyoyin da dama na rarrabuwa na kwayoyin.

Lokacin da m numerically kassa dukan alamu suna dauke daidai da muhimmanci. Da aka dauka a cikin asusun gaban ko babu wani hali.

Morphophysiological rarrabuwa ya shafi nazarin da tara morphological halaye da kuma siffofin da ya kwarara daga tafiyar matakai na rayuwa. A wannan yanayin shi, yanã da ma'anar da kuma muhimmancin da dukiya a kan wani abu. Kananan kwayoyin jeri a cikin wani musamman taxonomic kungiyar da kuma saka suna dogara da farko a cikin irin cell kungiyar, cell ilimin halittar jiki da kuma mazauna, kazalika da ci gaban da hali.

Accounting samar da aikin halaye na amfani da micro-kwayoyin na daban-daban na gina jiki. Har ila yau muhimmanci shi ne dogara a kan wasu physico-sinadaran muhalli dalilai, da kuma musamman hanyoyi na samun makamashi. Akwai wasu microbes don gano wanda chemotaxonomic gudanar da bincike da ake bukata. Pathogens bukatar serodiagnosis. Don fassara da sakamakon na sama gwaje-gwaje na neman shiga gasar.

Lokacin da kwayoyin kayyade rarrabuwa bincika kwayoyin tsarin da mafi muhimmanci biopolymers.

A hanya domin ganewa na kananan kwayoyin

A zamaninmu, da katin shaida na musamman microscopic kwayoyin fara da selection na ta da tsarki da al'adu da kuma bincike na nucleotide jerin 16S rRNA. Saboda haka, a tabbatar da dalilin da microbe wuri a kan phylogenetic itãciya, kuma da m jaddadawa da HALITTAR da jinsunan da za'ayi amfani da na gargajiya microbiological hanyoyin. Ma'ana da daidaituwa na 90% domin sanin Generic ainihi, da kuma 97% - jinsunan.

Ko mafi bayyana bambantawa na microorganisms a HALITTAR da jinsunan ne yiwu amfani polyphyletic (polyphase) taxonomy, a lokacin da kayyade nucleotide jerin ne a hade tare da bayanai na daban-daban matakan, har zuwa muhalli. Wannan shi ne, pre-sanya jerin kungiyoyin na kama damuwa tare da m tabbatar da dalilin da phylogenetic matsayi na wadannan kungiyoyin, da kam tsakanin-kungiyar-bambance da kuma ma} wabtansu, data tarin, kyale bambance tsakanin kungiyoyin.

Major kungiyoyin na eukaryotic microorganisms: algae

Wannan yankin ya hada da uku kungiyoyin inda akwai microscopic kwayoyin. Muna magana ne game algae, protozoa da fungi.

Algae ne unicellular, mulkin mallaka, ko kwayar phototrophic dauke da fitar oxygenic photosynthesis. Development of kwayoyin kayyade rarrabuwa na kwayoyin na wannan kungiya ba a gama ba tukuna. Saboda haka, a halin yanzu amfani a yi a kan tushen da rarrabuwa na algae lissafin abun da ke ciki pigments da kuma maye abubuwa, cell bango tsarin, da motsi da kuma kasancewa na haifuwa tsari.

Hankula wakilan wannan kungiyar ne guda-celled kwayoyin na ga dinoflagellate, diatoms, Euglena da kuma kore algae. Domin duk algae halin da samuwar chlorophyll da carotenoids na daban-daban siffofin, amma da ikon haduwa da sauran siffofin chlorophyll kuma phycobilins da wakilan kungiyar bayyana kanta a hanyoyi daban-daban.

A hade da daban-daban pigments sa batawa na sel a launi daban-daban. Suna iya zama kore, launin ruwan kasa, ja, zinariya. Pigmentation cell ne a jinsin halayyar.

Diatoms ne unicellular planktonic siffofin, wanda cell bango yana da wani nau'i na silicon bivalve harsashi. Wasu wakilan iya motsi tare da zamiya da irin. Haifuwa biyu asexual da kuma jima'i.

Wuraren kiwon unicellular algae Euglena ne ruwa tare. Matsar amfani flagella. Babu cell bango. Ability don girma a karkashin yanayi na duhu saboda da aiwatar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kwayoyin abubuwa.

A dinoflagellates musamman tsarin da cell bango, shi kunshi cellulose. Wadannan planktonic unicellular algae yana da biyu a kaikaice flagella.

Wakilai for microscopic kore algae habitats ne sabo ne da kuma marine ruwa, ƙasa kuma ƙasa surface ne daban-daban abubuwa. Akwai iri gyarawa da kuma wasu ikon matsawa da flagella. Kamar dinoflagellates, da kore algae da cellulose cell bango. Characteristically ajiya na sitaci a cikin sel. Farfagandar ne da za'ayi biyu asexual da kuma jima'i hanya.

Eukaryotic kwayoyin: protozoa

Ka'idodi na rarrabuwa na kwayoyin na da sauki, dangane da morphological halaye da suke sosai daban-daban daga cikin membobin wannan kungiya.

Ubiquitous, gudanar da saprotrophic ko parasitic hanyar rayuwa sun fi mayar da kayyade su bambancin. Abinci free-rai protozoa ne kwayoyin cuta, algae, yisti, protozoa, kuma ko da sauran kananan arthropod, kazalika da ragowar matattu shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma kwayoyin. Mafiya yawa daga cikin wakilan babu cell bango.

Za su iya kai da har yanzu salon ko motsa ta hanyar da dama na'urorin: flagella, cilia da prolegs. Ciki, da taxonomic kungiyar daga cikin sauki, akwai da dama kungiyoyin.

wakilan daga cikin sauki

Amoeba yi powered by endocytosis, aka koma ta hanyar prolegs, haifuwa jigon ya ta'allaka ne a cikin m cell division a biyu. Mafi yawa daga amoebas - free-nau'i ruwa, amma akwai wadanda cewa sa cuta a cikin mutane da dabbobi.

A ciliates ne biyu daban-daban Kwayoyin tsakiya, sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, shi ne mai gangara division. Akwai wakilan, wanda aka halin da jima'i haifuwa. The motsi ne da hannu hadewa cilia tsarin. Endocytosis yana cika ta hanyar kamawa musamman na baka abinci da sharan samu ta hanyar bude a raya karshen. A yanayi, ciliates zauna ruwayen ƙazantar da kwayoyin abubuwa, kazalika da rumen na dabbobin da muke kiwo dabbobi.

Domin flagellates halin gaban flagella. Absorption na narkar da na gina jiki ne da za'ayi a fadin surface na MTC. A division faruwa ne kawai a tsaye shugabanci. Daga cikin flagellates, yana da free-rai, kuma symbiotic jinsunan. Basic mutum da dabba symbionts - trypanosomes (hanyar barci cuta), Leishmania (hardhealed hanyar ulcers), Giardia (gubar zuwa hanji cuta).

A Sporozoa dukkan ne kawai ga mafi hadaddun rai sake zagayowar. Mafi shahara wakilin Sporozoa - Plasmodium falciparum.

Eukaryotic kwayoyin: fungi

Nau'in kwayoyin a kan abinci irin halaye na wannan kungiyar da heterotrophs. Domin mafi halin da samuwar mycelium. Karsh yawanci aerobic. Amma akwai facultative anaerobes, wanda zai iya canzawa zuwa da giya fermentation. hanyoyin da haifuwa - vegetative, asexual da kuma jima'i. Yana da wannan alama da hidima a matsayin mai rarrabẽwa domin kara rarrabuwa na fungi.

Idan muka magana game da muhimmancin wannan kungiya, cikin mafi girma da ban sha'awa a nan shi ne tawagar netaksonomicheskaya kungiyar na yeasts. Sun hada da namomin kaza, wanda ba su da mycelial girma mataki. Daga cikin yeasts yawa facultative anaerobes. Duk da haka, akwai pathogenic jinsunan.

Babban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin, prokaryotes: Archaea

Ilimin halittar jiki da kuma rarrabuwa na microorganisms-prokaryotes hadawa su cikin biyu domains: kwayoyin da archaea, wadanda wakilansu da yawa muhimmanci bambance-bambance. A archaea akwai wani hankula kwayan peptidoglycan (mureinovyh) cell ganuwar. Suna halin gaban wani heteropolysaccharide - psevdomureina a cikin abin da ba N-acetylmuramic acid.

Archaea kasu kashi uku phylum.

Features na tsarin kwayoyin

Principles of rarrabuwa na kwayoyin, germs gama a wannan yankin, bisa fasali na cell bango tsarin, da kuma musamman da abun ciki na peptidoglycan. A lokacin, akwai 23 yankin phylum.

Kwayoyin cutar - mai muhimmanci mahada a sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta a yanayi. Jigon su dabi'u a cikin duniya aiwatar kunshi a saki dabba da kayan lambu sharan, Organic tsarkakewa daga gurbata jikin ruwa, gyara na inorganic mahadi. Ba tare da su, rai a duniya, dã zama ba zai yiwu ba. Wadannan kwayoyin rayuwa a ko'ina, su data iya zama batun na gona, ruwa, iska, jikin mutum, dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke.

A siffar Kwayoyin, gaban na'urorin ga motsi tsakanin wani sanarwa akan abinda Kwayoyin cewa yankin da aka yi a cikin m rarrabuwa na kwayoyin. Ilimin ya wadãtu da wadannan iri kwayoyin dangane da siffar Kwayoyin: siffar zobe, sanda-kamar, filamentous, crimped, karkace-dimbin yawa. Bisa ga irin motsi za a iya gyarawa kwayoyin cuta, flagellates ko motsa saboda gamsai. Bisa ga Hanyar hada guda biyu Kwayoyin tare, da kwayoyin za a iya ware, a zaman masu alaƙa da nau'i-nau'i, granules, akwai kuma siffofin sashe.

Pathogens: rarrabuwa

Pathogens daga mutane da yawa sanda-dimbin yawa kwayoyin cuta (pathogens diphtheria, da tarin fuka, typhoid, Anthrax). protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas, wasu pathogenic amoeba), actinomycetes, mycobacteria (causative jamiái na da tarin fuka, kuturta), mold fungi da kuma yisti (pathogens mycoses, candidiasis). Fungi zai iya sa daban-daban fata raunuka, kamar daban-daban na lichen (sai herpes, a cikin abin da bayyanar da cutar ne da hannu). Wasu yisti zama m mazaunan fata, a cikin al'ada aiki na rigakafi da tsarin ba adversely shafi. Duk da haka, idan na ayyuka an rage rigakafi, da suka sa bayyanar seborrheic dermatitis.

pathogenicity kungiyoyin

ANNOBA hatsarin kwayoyin ne a rarrabẽwa ga hada duk pathogenic microbes cikin hudu kungiyoyin m zuwa hudu Categories hadarin. Saboda haka, kungiyar na pathogens, da rarrabuwa na wanda aka bai kasa, suna daga cikin mafi girma da sha'awa ga kwayoyin kamar yadda kai tsaye shafi rayuka da kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

A mafi amintattu kuma 4th kungiyar na pathogenicity hada microbes cewa matsayi babu barazana ga lafiyar mutum (ko da hadarin wannan barazana ne negligible). Wannan ne hadarin kamuwa da cuta ne ragu.

Na uku kungiyar halin da matsakaicin hatsari ga mutum, low hadarin ga al'umma baki daya. Wadannan pathogens iya haifar da cuta a cikin ka'idar, har ma idan ta faru, shi ya tabbatar da tasiri jiyya, kazalika da wani sa na m matakan da za su iya hana yaduwar cutar.

A 2nd kungiyar hada pathogenic microorganisms cewa gabatar da wani babban hadarin Manuniya ga mutum, amma low ga al'umma baki daya. A wannan yanayin, a pathogen iya jawo babbar cuta a cikin mutane, amma ta yaduwa daga daya kamu zuwa wani ba ya faruwa. Tasiri magani da kuma m matakan ne akwai.

Group 1 pathogenicity halin da babban hadarin duka biyu ga mutum da kuma ga al'umma baki daya. A pathogen cewa sa mai tsanani cuta a cikin wani mutum ko dabba, za a iya daukar kwayar cutar a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Tasiri magani da kuma m matakan yawanci mãsu fakowa ba.

Pathogenic microorganisms, wanda kayyade rarrabuwa na su a matsayin na daya kungiyar ko wani pathogenic, sa mai girma lalacewar jama'a kiwon lafiya, kawai idan dangantaka da 1st ko 2nd kungiyar.