Protein: sifa da aiki. Properties na sunadaran

Kamar yadda aka sani, sunadarai - tushen da asalin rayuwa a duniya tamu. Bisa ga ka'idar Oparin-Haldane ya coacervate maniyyi, kunsha da kwayoyin na peptides, ya zama tushen asalin abubuwa masu rai. Wannan shi ne babu shakka saboda bincike na ciki tsarin kowace memba na biomass nuna cewa wadannan abubuwa suna da kome: shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, kwayoyin, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta. Kuma su ne sosai bambancin cikin yanayi da macromolecular.

Sunayen wadannan hudu Tsarin, su ne synonymous:

• sunadaran.
• sunadaran.
• polypeptides.
• peptides.

sunadarai na gina jiki

Adadin su ne da gaske incalculable. A wannan yanayin, duk na gina jiki za a iya raba biyu manyan kungiyoyin:

• Simple - kunshi kawai na amino acid jerin shiga ta peptide bond.
• hadaddun - Tsari da kuma tsarin sifar sunadaran a halin da ƙarin protolytic (afar roba) kungiyoyin, wanda kuma ake kira cofactors.

A wannan yanayin, da hadaddun kwayoyin ma suna da nasu rarrabuwa.

Gradation hadaddun peptides

1. Glycoproteins - suna da dangantaka da furotin da kuma carbohydrate mahadi. A tsarin da kwayoyin saka} afar roba kungiyoyin mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - wani hadadden fili na gina jiki da kuma sia.
3. Metalloproteins - kamar yadda a} afar roba kungiyar ne da karfe ions (da baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, jan, da sauransu).
4. Nucleoproteins - Feedback da furotin da kuma nucleic acid (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation na gina jiki da kuma saura na phosphoric acid.
6. Chromoproteids - sosai kama da metalloproteins, amma wani kashi cewa wani bangare ne na} afar roba kungiyar ne a launin hadaddun (ja - haemoglobin, kore - chlorophyll, kuma haka a).

Kowace kungiya tattauna tsarin da kaddarorin sunadarai ne daban-daban. Da ayyuka da cewa su yi, kuma za su bambanta dangane da irin kwayoyin.

A sunadarai tsarin sunadarai

Daga wannan ra'ayi sunadaran - mai tsawo, m sarkar amino acid sharan juna takamaiman shaidu kira peptide. Daga gefe Tsarin acid tashi reshe - radicals. Wannan tsarin da kwayoyin da aka gano ta E. Fischer a farkon na XXI karni.

Daga baya kuma, sunadarai, sifa da aiki sunadaran da aka yi karatu a mafi daki-daki. Ya zama a sarari cewa amino acid da ke cikin peptide tsarin, a total na 20, amma ba za su iya haka a haɗe a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka bambancin da polypeptide Tsarin. Bugu da kari, a cikin tsari na rayuwa da kuma wasan kwaikwayon na ta ayyuka da sunadarai ne iya sha jerin sunadarai canje. A sakamakon haka, sun canja tsarin, da kuma can ne quite wani sabon nau'in connection.

Don warware peptide bond, watau, rushe gina jiki tsarin sarƙoƙi dole ne a zaba sosai m yanayi (high yanayin zafi, acid ko alkaline mai kara kuzari). Wannan shi ne saboda da high ƙarfi daga cikin covalent shaidu a cikin DNA, wato, a cikin peptide kungiyar.

Ganewa na gina jiki tsarin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ne da za'ayi amfani da biuret dauki - sakamako a kan polypeptide freshly precipitated hydroxide, jan (II). A hadaddun na peptide kungiyar da kuma jan ions samar da wani haske Violet launi.

Akwai hudu na asali tsarin kungiyar, kowanne daga abin yana da halaye na tsarin sunadarai.

Matsayin kungiyar: da farko tsarin

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da peptide - a jerin amino acid sharan da inclusions, co-enzymes, ko ba tare da su. Saboda haka kiran wannan da farko tsarin da kwayoyin, wanda shi ne na halitta, ba shakka, shi ne gaskiya amino acid shiga ta peptide bond, kuma bã kõme ba. Wato, da polypeptide mikakke tsari. A wannan musamman tsarin da sunadaran da wannan irin - a wannan hade acid ne da muhimmanci ga wasan kwaikwayon na ayyuka na sunadari. Godiya ga wadannan siffofin shi ne zai yiwu ba kawai don gano peptide amma kuma hango ko hasashen da kaddarorin da kuma rawar da wani sabon gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda duk wanda ba a gane ba. Misalan peptides da ciwon halitta primary tsarin, - insulin, pepsin, chymotrypsin, da sauransu.

secondary conformation

Tsari da kuma kaddarorin sunadarai a wannan category bambanta da ɗan. Irin wannan tsarin za a iya kafa da farko a kan yanayin ko a lokacin hõre farko hydrolysis m, zazzabi ko wasu yanayi.

Wannan conformation yana da uku iri:

1. Santsi, na yau da kullum, stereoregular coils gina daga cikin amino acid sharan cewa an juya a kusa da zuciyar dangane axis. Kawai gudanar tare da hydrogen shaidu da ke faruwa tsakanin oxygen rukuni na daya peptide da sauran hydrogen. Cikinsa da tsarin daidai ne saboda gaskiyar cewa da jũya ko'ina maimaita kowane 4 matakin. Irin wannan tsari, zai iya zama duka bangaren hagu da kuma pravozakruchennoy. Amma a mafi sanannan sunadarai dextrorotatory isomer predominates. Irin wannan conformation aka kira alpha-Tsarin.
2. A abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da wadannan irin gina jiki ya bambanta daga baya daya a cewa hydrogen shaidu ba su kafa tsakanin tsaye gefe da gefe a gefe daya daga cikin saura daga cikin kwayoyin da kuma tsakanin ma cire da, a cikinsu a wata isasshe manyan nesa. Saboda wannan dalili, dukan tsarin zama mafi undulating, convoluted Maciji polypeptide sarƙoƙi. Akwai daya fasalin da ya kamata gina jiki. A tsarin da amino acid daga cikin rassan ya zama kamar yadda takaice kamar cewa daga glycine ko alanine, misali. Wannan irin sakandare conformation aka kira beta-zanen gado ga su ikon tsaya tare idan samuwar na] aukacin tsarin.
3. Na ga na uku irin sunadaran gina tsarin a matsayin ilmin halitta suturta hadaddun raznorazbrosannye, unordered, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa da ciwon ba stereoregularity kuma iya gyara tsarin ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje yanayi.

Misalai na sunadaran da ciwon sakandare tsarin da yanayi, da aka ba wahayi.

ilimi Mai zurfi

Wannan shi ne wani fairly hadaddun conformation, da ciwon da sunan "globule". Me ne mai gina jiki? A tsarin da shi dogara ne a kan sakandare tsarin, amma kara sabon iri na hulɗar tsakanin sunadaran kungiyoyin, da kuma dukan kwayoyin folds kamar, shiryar da haka, da cewa da hydrophilic kungiyoyin an umurce cikin globules da hydrophobic - fita.

Wannan ya bayyana lura da sunadarin a ruwa colloidal mafita. Mene ne iri na interactions suna can?

1. Hydrogen shaidu - zama canzawa tsakanin guda sassa kamar yadda a cikin sakandare tsarin.
2. A hydrophobic (hydrophilic) hulda - bayyana lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa polypeptide.
3. Ionic janye - raznozaryazhennymi kafa tsakanin amino acid sharan (m) kungiyoyin.
4. Covalent interactions - za a iya kafa tsakanin takamaiman acidic shafukan - cysteine kwayoyin, ko kuma wajen, wutsiyoyinsu.

Saboda haka, abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin sunadarai da ciwon manyan tsarin za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai birgima up cikin globules polypeptide sarƙoƙi, rikewa da kuma tabbatar da dorewar ta conformation saboda daban-daban iri sinadaran interactions. Misalai na irin wannan peptides: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, alpha-keratin, siliki fibroin, da sauransu.

A quaternary tsarin

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi wuya na globules, wanda ya samar da sunadarai. A sifa da aiki sunadarai irin wannan shirin ne sosai m da kuma takamaiman.

Menene wannan conformation? Shi ne 'yan (wani lokacin dama) da manyan da kananan polypeptide sarƙoƙi, wanda aka kafa da kansa daga juna. Amma sa'an nan, saboda wannan interactions da cewa mun gani ga manyan tsarin wadannan peptides an juya da lauye. Kamar wancan samu hadaddun conformational globules cewa iya ƙunsar karfe kwayoyin halitta, kuma sia kungiyoyin, da kuma carbohydrate. Misalan irin sunadaran ba: DNA polymerase, taba cutar ambulan gina jiki, haemoglobin, da sauransu.

All peptide Tsarin da muka tattauna da nasu hanyoyin da ganewa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, bisa halin yanzu yiwuwa na yin amfani da chromatography, centrifugation, electron kuma Tantancewar bincike da madubin likita kuma high kwamfuta fasahar.

ayyuka

A sifa da aiki sunadarai ne a hankali dangantaka da juna. Wannan shi ne, kowane peptide taka wata rawa da cewa shi ne na musamman da kuma takamaiman. Akwai kuma waɗanda suka iya yi a cikin kwayar halitta mai rai, da dama gagarumin ma'amaloli. Amma shi za a iya takaitashi a matsayin su bayyana ainihin ayyuka na gina jiki a jikin halittu masu rai:

1. Samar da zirga-zirga. Celled kwayoyin ko wasu gabbansa, ko wasu iri Kwayoyin suna iya motsi, cuts, ƙungiyoyi. Wannan gina jiki da aka bayar, forming wani ɓangare na da tsarin da mota na'ura: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic membrane. Idan muka magana game da rashin matsugunni na Kwayoyin, da sunadaran iya taimakawa wajen su rage (myosin tsoka).
2. Sinadirai ko madadin aiki. Yana da wani jari na gina jiki a oocytes, tãyuna da shuka tsaba ga kara cika m gina jiki. Bayan tsakiyan nonon na peptides samar da amino acid da kuma ilimin aiki abubuwa, waxanda suke da zama dole ga al'ada ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
3. A samar da makamashi aiki. Baya daga carbohydrates tilasta jiki iya sarrafa da kuma sunadarai. A lalata na 1 g na peptide saki 17,6 KJ amfani da makamashi a cikin nau'i na adenosine triphosphate (ATP), wanda aka kashe a m tafiyar matakai.
4. Signal da tsaiko aiki. Ya kunshi a dauke da fitar da hankali saka idanu na gudana matakai da kuma watsa daga sakonni daga cell ga nama, daga gare su zuwa ga hukumomin, daga latest ga tsarin da sauransu. A misali ne insulin, wanda aka tsananin lissafe jini glucose.
5. Tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki. Yana aka samu da canza conformation da peptide tare da gefe daya daga cikin membrane da nishadantarwa da sauran karshen sake fasalin kudin. Lokacin da wannan ya auku da kuma siginar watsa da kuma bayanai da ake bukata. Mafi yawa daga wadannan sunadarai an saka a cikin cytoplasmic membrane na sel da kuma gudanar da wani m iko a kan duk kayan wucewa therethrough. Har ila yau faɗakar da kai zuwa ga sinadaran da jiki canje-canje a cikin yanayi.
6. Transport aiki na peptides. Yana yana da za'ayi ciyarwa sunadaran da transporter sunadaran. Rawar da suka taka a bayyane yake - shari kyawawa kwayoyin ga shafukan da low taro na high sassa. A misali ne kai daga oxygen da kuma carbon dioxide daga cikin gabobin da kyallen takarda na gina jiki haemoglobin. Sun kuma samu da isar da mahadi da low kwayoyin nauyi ta hanyar da membrane a cikin cell.
7. Tsarin aiki. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga waɗanda cewa ya yi aikin gina jiki. A tsarin da Kwayoyin da su da wasu gabbansa da aka bayar peptides. Su kama da firam ayyana siffar da kuma tsarin. Bugu da kari, su kuma goyi bayan shi, da kuma gyara idan ya cancanta. Saboda haka, don ci gaban da kuma ci gaban dukkanin rayayyun halittu sunadarai a cikin abinci. Irin wannan peptides hada da Elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, da kuma sauran keratin.
8. A catalytic aiki. Ta yin enzymes. Mutane da yawa da bambance bambancen, suka hanzarta duk da sinadaran da kuma biochemical halayen a cikin jiki. Ba tare da su sa hannu, talakawa apple a ciki za su iya nike kawai na kwana biyu, shi ne iya tanƙwara a lokaci guda. A karkashin mataki na catalase, peroxidase da sauran enzymes, wannan tsari faruwa a sa'o'i biyu. A general, shi ne godiya ga wannan rawa, da furotin da anabolism da catabolism ne da za'ayi, cewa shi ne, roba da kuma makamashi metabolism.

The m rawa

Akwai da dama iri barazana, daga abin da sunadaran da aka tsara don kare jiki.

Da fari dai, sinadaran hari traumatic reagents, gas, kwayoyin, abubuwa daban-daban bakan da aikin. Peptides ne iya tafiyar da su a wata sinadaran dauki, tana mayar a cikin wani m tsari ko kawai neutralizing.

Na biyu, da jiki barazana daga rauni - idan gina jiki fibrinogen a lokacin da aka ba canza kama zuwa fibrin a shafin na rauni, da jini ba curdle, ya kuma inganta blockage zai faru. Sa'an nan kuma, a maimakon haka, tana bukatar plasmin peptide m sucked gudan jini da kuma mayar patency da jirgin ruwa.

Abu na uku, da barazana da rigakafi. Tsari da kuma darajar da sunadaran cewa, samar da rigakafi da defenses, su ne musamman muhimmanci. Antibodies, immunoglobulins, interferons - ne duk muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci abubuwa na lymphatic da kuma rigakafi da tsarin. Duk wani waje barbashi, qeta DNA, matattu Kwayoyin ko kuma wani ɓangare na dukan tsarin ne hõre hanzarta bincikawa da peptide fili. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani mutum zai iya mallaka, ba tare da taimakon kwayoyi kowace rana su kare kansu daga kamuwa da cuta da kuma sauki ƙwayoyin cuta.

jiki Properties

A tsarin da furotin Kwayoyin ne sosai musamman da kuma dogara a kan aiki. Amma da jiki Properties na peptides ne kama da za a iya rage zuwa da wadannan halaye.

1. Weight kwayoyin - to 1000000 Daltons.
2. A ruwa-ruwa bayani samar da colloidal tsarin. Akwai tsarin yakan mallaki cajin m bambanta dangane da acidity na matsakaici.
3. Lokacin da fallasa su matsananci yanayi (radiation, acid ko Alkali, zazzabi, da dai sauransu) ne iya matsawa zuwa wasu matakan conformations, Ina nufin denature. A tsari a 90% na lokuta babu ja. Duk da haka, akwai wani kuma baya da motsi - renaturation.

Wannan asali Properties na jiki halaye na peptides.