Rayuwa da kuma aiki na Bulgakov

Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich aka haife shi a 1891, 3 (15) May. An haife shi a Kiev. Iyaye na gaba marubuci - Barbara M. (nee Ceto), wani malami, bayan - sufeto a kan haila. Uba - kamar yadda wani malami, ya yi aiki a Kiev tauhidin Academy. Michael shi ne babban dan a babban iyali a cikinsa akwai al'adu ne da karfi. Creativity Bulgakov da biography, za mu bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Nazarin a makarantar sakandare, so ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, adabi, aure

Ilimi da aka gudanar ta farko a Kiev dakin motsa jiki. A nan gaba marubuci ya kammala karatunsa ne kawai biyu m alamomi - bisa ga dokar Allah, da kuma labarin kasa. A wannan lokaci yana da sha'awa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo (da aka sani, misali, ta zuciya "Aida" da "Faust") tana cewa "farincikin" Saltykov- Shchedrina da kuma litattafan Gogol kuma bayyana da farko samfurin, wanda aiki Bulgakov lura.

A 1907, mahaifinsa ya rasu. A 1913, Bulgakov aure TN Lappe.

aikin likita

A lokaci daga 1916 zuwa 1917 - ƙarshen Kiev University, inda ya yi karatu a Faculty of Medicine. Warware daga cikin kira da cutar, muna sha'awar a cikin marubucin ke da Zemstvo zuwa ga makõma asibiti. Wannan wuri da aka located a kauyen Nikolskoye (Smolensk lardin). Kuma bayan wani lokaci sai ya tafi Vyazma. "Bayanan kula da matasa likita" da aka rubuta dangane da kwarewa samu a lokacin wannan lokaci.

Yi a Kiev

A 1918 Bulgakov koma zuwa Kiev, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga a cikin likita yi (masu zaman kansu - yadda volnopraktikuyuschy venereal cututtuka). A wannan lokaci, bisa ga marubuci, sai aka kira shi a matsayin likita a cikin sabis consistently da duk hukumomin da ke shagaltar da birnin. Amma Bulgakov gudanar ya tsere, kuma ta Red Army, kuma daga Petliura, "tafiyar da" shi.

Soja sabis, masu sana'a aiki na adabi

A 1919-1920 da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru da faruwa a cikin rãyuwar marubuci. Bulgakov aka "yaqi" Denikin da kuma aika zuwa ga Arewa Caucasus da echelon. A nan sai ya zama da hannu a sana'a adabi: a wannan lokacin akwai na farko labarai a jaridu na Vladikavkaz da kuma Grozny, wanda daidai da motsi na fari juyayi, fahimta a matsayin "tarihi masĩfa," da abdication na Nicholas II, da dai sauransu Ya aka hannu a matsayin likita a cikin yãƙi. Denikin, mãsu bãyar da bãya a karkashin mãsu alãma daga cikin Red Army, suka jefa typhus Bulgakov kokarinsu na samun kariya ga kansu, wanda aiki a matsayin tushen ga cizon yatsa a wadannan data "gwarazansa-a-makamai." Mr Mikhail fara da isowa na ja sub-division aiki a cikin zane-zane. Ya aiki ya rahotanni game da Chekhov da Pushkin, rubutu na gida wasan kwaikwayo kwaikwaiyo, daya daga wanda, da ake kira "Paris ƙungiya", ya ko da ya tafi zuwa Moscow, dogaro da nasarar wani ad a cikin wannan birni na gasar.

Motsi zuwa Moscow

A 1921, Mr Mikhail zo a cikin Moscow, inda ya yi aiki a gidan na sakatare a cikin wallafe-wallafen sashen a Mutane ta Commissariat. A search na aikin zuwa farkon na NEP, ya sau da yawa ya canza wurin sabis: edita cikin labarinsa na daya daga cikin zaman kansa jaridu, Entertainers, injiniyoyi, da dai sauransu A daidai wannan lokaci shi settles a gidãjen Aljanna, kabilu Apartment gidan, wanda da zarar mallakar taba manufacturer. Mutane da yawa sau mores Apartment №50 za su faru a wani iri-iri ayyuka da cewa yin up aikin Bulgakov.

A 1922, Mr Mikhail rayayye buga a latsa - a mujallu kamar "Kakakin", "Aiki", "Red mujallar ga duk", "reluwe", "Krasnaya Niva" da sauransu.

Hadin gwiwa a "Bugun sautin", sabon ayyuka da wani sabon aure

A lokaci daga 1922 zuwa 1926 - hadin gwiwa tare da jaridar karkashin sunan "fito" kuma buga "Hauwa'u" a Berlin Rasha jarida, wanda edita - AN Tolstoy, a wancan lokaci ya ba tukuna komo daga zaman talala.

Rayuwa da kuma aiki na Bulgakov a cikin shekaru 1923-1924 don gabatar da wadannan biyu manyan abubuwan da suka faru. A shekarar 1923 bayyana labari "Bayanan kula kan cuffs." A shekara, Mr Mikhail gana L. E. Belozerskoy, komo daga zaman talala a Paris, aurenta.

A shekara ta 1925, Bulgakov ta aikin ya ci gaba. Bayyana "Diaboliad" - na farko tarin, kunsha na satirical labaru. Sa'an nan, ya ke fitar da mai tarin labarai da ake kira "The Fatal Qwai". Wannan shekara ma alama halittar rubutum "Heart of a Dog" - aiki ne da kawai bayan shekaru 60 da aka buga.

Search Bulgakov

A May 1926, Bulgakov aka gudanar da OGPU search, kama sama da rubutun, kazalika da tsarin sautinsu. Marubuci, Magana akai-akai neman masa ya koma wadannan kayan, kuma ba su samun wa waɗanda buƙatun, babu amsa, ya ce da shi nan da sannu zã a tilasta fitar da Rasha Union of Writers fãsi?. Bayan wannan takarda, ciki har da rubutun na "The Heart of a Dog" Bulgakov koma.

The ayyukan 1925-1928 shekaru

A cikin shekaru 1925-1926 zo da sake zagayowar "Stories", kazalika da tarin gajejjeran labaru, mai taken "Notes na matasa likita."

Domin lokacin daga shekara ta 1925 zuwa 1927 shekaru ne da wadannan abubuwan. labari "The White Guard" an halitta. A cikin bayani na play "kwãnukan Turbin" da aka rubuta da kuma tsĩrar da a 1926, wanda premiered a Moscow Art wasan kwaikwayo da aka gudanar a wannan lokaci.

Daga 1926 zuwa 1928 Mikhail Bulgakov, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma aiki gabatar a cikin wannan takarda, rubuta a play kira "Gudun", kawai a shekarar 1957, lokacin da suka gan ta, masu sauraro.

A 1926 ma da play "Zoyka Apartment" an halitta, wanda aka aiwatar a Vakhtangov Theater. Tare da "kwãnukan Turbin," an nan da sannu janye saboda tendentious zargi matsa lamba.

A 1928 - daya more yanki na wasan kwaikwayo ( "Crimson Island"). Yana da aka tsĩrar da bẽne, wasan kwaikwayo a wannan shekara, duk da haka, da wannan lokaci kusan nan da nan cikin play aka dakatar.

Evaluation na kerawa Bulgakov wallafe-wallafen zargi

Literary zargi marigayi 1920s kiyasta aikin Mikhail Bulgakov ta sharply korau. Ayyukansa da aka ba da aka buga, ba wasa a kan mataki. Alal misali, a da aka sani korau comments game da play na Stalin ta "Gudu", wanda, a ra'ayinsa, shi ne "anti-Soviet sabon abu." "Vata takarda" da ake kira shugaban na "Crimson Island". A sakamakon tsananta - Bulgakov biography da kerawa na wanda kafin aka sau da yawa alama da illar da lamba tare da Soviet hukumomi, ya zauna ba tare da aikin da haka ba tare da da hali, ya rubuta cewa "The gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet," harafin da kuma aika shi zuwa bakwai adireshin da daban-daban cibiyoyin mulki. Kokarin gane su ƙaddara, ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga marubucin matsayi, yana mai cewa ya fi girma juyin juya halin na Great Evolution, cewa shi ne mafi halitta, a ra'ayinsa, a hankali a hankali a tsawon tarihi. Ga wani Apartment Mihailu Afanasevichu a 1930 Afrilu 18 ya kira Stalin kansa, kuma a sakamakon wannan tattaunawar, marubucin ya yi alkawarin samar da ayyukan yi a cikin Moscow Art Theater. Tacit yanayin da yarjejeniyar da aka halittar yabi aikin na shugaban. Daga baya, a 1939, da play aka rubuta, mai taken "Batum", ya gaya labarin "Young ta shugaba." Duk da haka, ba ta ciki, kuma bã sautin na labari ikon bai gamsar.

Aiki a cikin Moscow Art Theater

Tun da farkon aikin a cikin Moscow Art Theater Bulgakov ta rayuwa da kuma aiki ya canja muhimmanci. Bulgakov tun farkon 1930 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan. Yana nufin wannan lokaci na rayuwarsa so Shilovskaya Elena Sergeevna (1929), wanda daga baya ta zama matarsa.

Ya taka "Adamu da Hauwa'u" ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1931. A wannan kuma a shekara, da ya rubuta da staging na Tolstoy ta "yaki da zaman lafiya" da oda na Bolshoi Drama Theater. Duk da haka, wannan wasan kwaikwayon da aka ba tãyar da su.

A 1932, akwai wani mataki karbuwa daga litattafan Gogol ta "Matattu Rayukan". Koma zuwa ga viewer (a sirri domin na Stalin ta) "kwãnukan turbines."

wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira "The Cabal munafukai" an halitta a cikin shekaru 1930-1936, kafa a 1943. Wannan aka riga da aiki a kan "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere," wani sada labarin, a 1932-1933. Sai aka buga a 1962.

Wani yanki, "ni'ima", saki a 1934 (ba a buga har 1966).

A 1934-1935 gg. fitar da wasan kwaikwayo mai taken "The Kwanaki na Ƙarshe", saita a kan mataki a cikin 1943. A farko shi aka ɗauki cikinsa tare da haɗin gwiwar V. V. Veresaevym.

Bulgakov ƙaryata "rework"

A lokaci daga 1934 zuwa 1936 da aka alama ta da wadannan abubuwan. Akwai play Bulgakov "Ivan Vasilievich". Wannan ya kawo wa dress rehearsals a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na satire aikin da aka janye kafin farko. A marubuci na tsawon daga 1928 zuwa 1936, babu abu daya da aka ba da aka buga, kazalika a kan mataki ba guda yanki, wanda wakiltar asali aiki MA Bulgakov. Mr Mikhail taurin ki yarda "gyare-gyare", ya gaya masa (misali, "reforge" wani fari jami'in daga samfurin "Gudun" gama da juyin juya halin Musulunci choral song "Crimson Island," da dai sauransu).

Recent ayyukansu

A cikin shekaru 1936-1937 "Theatrical labari" da aka halitta (ba a kare ba aiki). Sai aka buga a shekarar 1965.

Bulgakov a 1938, Halicci play kira "Don Quixote." Tun farkon 1930 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a kan shahararrun aiki, wanda aka nusar da a yau da fari, karatu da aiki na Bulgakov - "The Master kuma Margarita".

Bulgakov a 1940, ya mutu a Moscow daga koda cuta, cewa iyalinsa ya hereditary (shige daga uba zuwa ga marubuci).

Wannan kammala rayuwa da kuma aiki na Mikhail Bulgakov - yanzu gane kamar yadda wani classic na Rasha wallafe-wallafe.