Rikicin Batu a Rasha (takaice). Dalilin Batu na Batu na Rasha

A mamaye Batu a Rasha (karni na XIII) - da mamaye sojojin dakarun Mongol zuwa yankin na zamanin d Rasha. Wannan taron ya bar zurfi mai zurfi a cikin tarihin mu na Motherland. Na gaba, bari mu dubi yadda Batu ta mamaye Rasha (a takaice).

Prehistory

Tun kafin Batu 'yan uwa na Mongoliya sun shirya shirin cin nasara a yankin gabashin Turai. A cikin 1220 ta. An yi shi a wata hanya ta shirya don ci gaba. Wani bangare mai muhimmanci shi ne jagoran rundunar soja na Jebe da Subadeus mai shekaru talatin da dubu uku a yankin Transcaucasia da Kudu maso gabashin Turai a 1222-24. Manufarsa ita ce basira, tattara bayanai. A 1223 ta faru a lokacin wannan yakin, yakin da Kalka. Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da nasarar Mongols. A sakamakon wannan yakin, masu nasara a nan gaba sunyi nazari sosai game da makamai masu guba na gaba, sunyi koyi game da kariya da kuma dakarun, kuma sun sami bayani game da matsayin sarakunan Rasha. Daga cikin Polovtsian matakan Jebe Subedeya sojojin da suka tafi da Volga Bulgaria. Amma a can ne aka rinjaye Mongols kuma suka koma Asiya ta Tsakiya ta hanyoyi na Kazakhstan ta zamani. Da farko dai mamayewar Batu na Rus ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani.

Rugin yankin Ryazan

Batu, a takaice dai, Batu ya mamaye Rasha ne, don haka ya yi amfani da shi don bautar da mutane, kama da kuma haɗa sabon yankuna. Mongoliya sun fito ne a kudancin iyakar rukunin Ryazan tare da buƙatar biyan haraji ga su. Prince Yuri ya nemi taimako daga Mikhail Chernigov da Yuri Vladimirsky. A hedkwatar Batu, an rushe ofishin jakadancin Ryazan. Yarima Yuri ya janye dakarunsa, da kuma yankunan Murom a kan iyaka, amma yaƙin ya ɓace. Don taimakawa Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich ya aika da rundunar sojan. A ciki akwai tsarin mulki na dansa Vsevolod, mutanen Voevoda Yeremey Glebovich, da na Novgorod. Sojojin da suka janye daga Ryazan sun shiga wannan rundunar. Birnin ya fadi bayan kwanaki shida na siege. Yankunan da aka aika sun yi nasarar yaki da masu nasara kusa da Kolomna, amma an ci su.

Sakamako na farko fadace-fadace

An fara farkon mamaye Batu a cikin Rus da halakar Ryazan ba kawai, amma har da lalacewar dukan mazauna. Mongols sun kama Pronsk, sun kama Prince Oleg Ingvarevich Red. Rashin mamayewar Batu a Rasha (ranar da yaƙin farko ya nuna a sama) ya kasance tare da lalata garuruwa da ƙauyuka. Saboda haka, Mongols sun hallaka Belgorod Ryazan. Ba a sake mayar da wannan birni ba. Masu binciken Tula sun gano shi da wani shiri kusa da Kogin Polosni, kusa da ƙauyen Beloroditsa (16 km daga Veneva na yau). An shafe ta daga fuskar duniya da Voronezh Ryazan. An rushe garuruwan birni na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Sai kawai a 1586 an gina kurkuku a kan shafin yanar gizon. An hallaka Mongols da sanannun birnin Dedoslavl. Wasu masu bincike sun gano shi da wani shiri kusa da ƙauyen Dedilovo, a gefen dama na kogi. Shat.

Harshe a kan Vladimir-Suzdal Principality

Bayan shan kashi na ƙasashe na Ryazan, an kawo karshen tashin Baty a Rasha. Lokacin da Mongols suka mamaye ƙasashen Vladimir-Suzdal, sun kama su da tsarin da Evala Kolovrat-Ryazan boyar suke yi. Saboda wannan kwatsam, 'yan wasan sun iya cin zarafin' yan tawaye, suna fama da mummunar hasara. Janairu 20, 1238, bayan da aka yi kwanaki biyar, Moscow ya fadi. A kan kare birnin ya tsaya Vladimir (Yuri dan ƙarami) da Philip Nyanka. A kan shugabancin 'yan kasuwa 30,000 wanda ya ci' yan kungiyar ta Moscow, a cewar tushen, ya tsaya Shiban. Yuri Vsevolodovich, zuwa arewa zuwa kogin Sit, ya fara tattara sabon tawagar, yayin da yake jiran taimakon Svyatoslav da Yaroslav ('yan'uwansu). A farkon watan Fabrairun 1238, bayan da aka yi kwanaki takwas, Vladimir ya fadi. A cikinta, dangin Yuri ya rasu. A cikin Fabrairu, sai dai Vladimir, irin su Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, Galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl . An kama garuruwa na Novgorod na Lamsky da Vologda.

Yanayin a yankin Volga

Harkokin mamaye na Batu a Rasha yana da matukar damuwa. Baya ga mahimmanci, magoya bayan Mongols na da dakarun sakandare. Tare da taimakon wannan karshen, an kama yankin Volga. Bursts na biyu na Burundai na tsawon makonni uku ya rufe sau biyu har zuwa manyan magoya bayan Mongoliya a lokacin da ake kewaye da Torzhok da Tver, kuma daga kusurwar Uglich zuwa kogin City. Gidajen Vladimir ba su da lokacin yin shiri don yaki, an kewaye su kuma kusan an hallaka su. Wasu daga cikin masu gadi sun kama su. Amma a lokaci guda, Mongols kansu sun sha wahala sosai. Cibiyar Yaroslav ta ba da kanta a kan hanyar Mongols zuwa ga Novgorod daga Vladimir. Pereyaslavl-Zalessky aka dauka a cikin kwanaki biyar. A lokacin kama Tver, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Prince Yaroslav ya mutu (sunansa ba a kiyaye shi ba). Shaidu ba su ƙunshi bayani game da shiga cikin yakin City na Novgorod ba. Ba a ambaci duk wani aiki na Yaroslav ba. Wasu masu bincike sunyi jaddada cewa Novgorod bai aika taimako don taimaka wa Torzhok ba.

Sakamakon sacewa na ƙasar Volga

Masanin tarihin Tatishchev, yana magana game da sakamakon yakin, ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa asarar da ke cikin yankunan Mongoliya ya fi sau da yawa fiye da na Rasha. Duk da haka, Tatars sun sake su saboda 'yan fursunoni. A wancan lokacin, akwai mafi yawa daga cikinsu fiye da mamaye kansu. Saboda haka, alal misali, harin Vladimir ya fara ne kawai bayan da Mongols suka dawo daga Suzdal tare da fursunoni.

Tsaron Kozelsk

Rundunar Batu a Rasha daga farkon Maris 1238 ya faru bisa ga wani shirin. Bayan kama Torzhok, sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Birnin Burunda, tare da haɗin kai tare da manyan sojojin, ba zato ba tsammani ya juya a cikin steppe. Masu fashi ba su isa Novgorod ba kimanin mil 100. Daban-daban daban sun ba da nau'i daban-daban na wannan juyawa. Wasu sun ce ambaliyar ruwa ta zama dalilin, a wasu - barazanar yunwa. Duk da haka dai, mamaye sojojin Batu a Rasha ya ci gaba, amma a wata hanya.

A yanzu an raba Mongols zuwa kungiyoyi biyu. Babban magungunan ya wuce gabashin Smolensk (30 km daga birnin) kuma ya tsaya a ƙasashen Dolgostim. A daya daga cikin litattafai na rubuce-rubuce akwai bayani da cewa 'yan kabilar Mongols sun ci nasara da gudu. Bayan wannan, babban iko ya koma kudu. A nan ne mamayewar Rus na Khan Baty alama ce ta mamaye iyakokin ƙasashen Chernigov, da konewa na Vshchizh, wanda yake kusa da yankunan tsakiyar yankunan. A cewar wani tushe, dangane da wadannan abubuwan, an kashe 'ya'ya maza hudu na Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Daga nan sai manyan sojojin Mongols suka juya zuwa gabas. Bayan da ya wuce Karachev da Bryansk, Tatars ya kama Kozelsky. Ƙungiyar gabashin, a halin yanzu, an gudanar a cikin bazara na 1238 kusa da Ryazan. A saman garuruwan sun kasance Cutar da Kadan. A Kozelsk a wancan lokacin ya yi mulki Basil - ɗan jikan shekaru 12 na Mstislav Svyatoslavovich. Yaƙin yaƙin na birnin ya jawo makonni bakwai. A watan Mayu, 1238, ƙungiyoyi biyu na Mongols sun haɗu a karkashin Kozelsk kuma suka kama shi bayan kwana uku, duk da haka suna da babban hasara.

Ƙarin ci gaba

Mamayewa na Rasha Batu Khan a cikin tsakiyar karni 13th ya fara daukar harben. Mongols sun kai hare-haren kawai a iyakokin ƙasashen waje, a yayin da ake yin tawaye a cikin sassan Polovtsian da yankin Volga. A cikin bayanan, a ƙarshen tarihin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa yankunan arewa maso gabas, an ambaci sunan kwantar da hankalin da ya haɗu da mamaye Batu a Rasha ("zaman lafiya" - daga 1238 zuwa 1239). Bayan shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1239, an kori Chernigov kuma aka kama shi. Bayan faduwar birnin, mutanen Mongols sun fara cinyewa da yankunan da ke kusa da Sejm da Desna. Rylsk, Vyr, Gluhov, Putivl, Gomiy sun lalata da kuma hallaka su.

Hiking a cikin ƙasa na Dnieper

Don taimaka wa sojojin Mongolia da ke cikin Transcaucasia, an aika da gawawwakin Bukanda. Wannan ya faru a 1240. Kusan a cikin wannan lokacin Baty ya yanke shawarar aika gida da Munch, Buri da Guyuk. Sauran sauran yankunan da aka ragu, an sake sake su a karo na biyu a cikin kuɗin da mazauna ƙauyuka da Polovtsians suka yi. Ta gabayar gaba ta zama yankin ƙasar banki na Dnieper. Yawancin su (Kiev, Volyn, Galicia da, watakila, mulkin Turovo-Pinsk) sun kasance a cikin 1240 waɗanda suke ƙarƙashin mulkin Daniyel da Vasilka, 'ya'yan Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn mai mulki). Na farko, idan ya yi la'akari da kansa ba zai iya yin tsayayya da Mongols ba, sai ya tashi a ranar da ya mamaye birnin Hungary. Mai yiwuwa, manufar Daniyel ita ce ta tambayi Sarki Belya VI don taimakawa wajen sake kashe hare-haren Tatar.

Dalilin Batu na Batu na Rasha

A sakamakon mummunar hare-haren da 'yan kabilar Mongols suka yi, yawancin mutanen jihar suka mutu. An hallaka wani ɓangare na manyan ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka. Chernigov, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev sha wahala ƙwarai. Sauran sune Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, garuruwan Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk da Suzdal. Dangane da mamayewa na cigaba, al'adun manyan ƙauyuka na fama da rashin lalacewa. Shekaru da yawa, an gina kusan gine-gine a cikin birane. Bugu da kari, irin wannan rikitarwa craft bace a matsayin kayan ado yin gilashi, hatsi samar, mobile, cloisonné, ban ruwa polychrome yumbu. Rasha a ci gaba yana da muhimmanci a baya. An sake mayar da shi da yawa ƙarni da suka wuce. Kuma yayin da masana'antu na yammacin Yammacin Turai suka kasance a kan matakan farko, harkar Rasha ta sake komawa cikin sashin tarihin tarihi wanda aka yi kafin a mamaye Batu.

A yankunan kudancin, yawancin mutanen sun rasa kusan duka. Mutanen da suka ragu sun bar yankunan daji na arewa maso gabas, suna zaune tare da haɗin Oka da Northern Volga. A cikin wadannan yankunan akwai yanayi mai dadi kuma ba wurare masu kyau kamar yadda suke a yankunan kudancin, wadanda suka hallaka da kuma lalata su. Hanyar Tattaunawa ta sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci. Saboda haka, babu dangantaka tsakanin Rus da sauran jihohin kasashen waje. Harkokin zamantakewar zamantakewar tattalin arziki na fadar mahaifin kasa a wannan lokacin tarihi ya kasance a matakin ƙananan matakin.

Bayani ga masana tarihi na soja

Masu bincike sun lura cewa hanyar aiwatar da hada-hadar bindiga da bindigogi masu dauke da makamai masu linzami, wanda ya dace da kullun da aka yi da makamai masu guba, ya ragu a Rasha bayan da mamaye Batu. A wannan lokacin akwai unification na ayyuka a cikin mutumin da kawai warrior-feudal lord. An tilasta masa ya harba baka kuma a lokaci guda ya yi yaƙi da takobi da mashi. Daga wannan za a iya kammalawa cewa ko da wani ɓangare na musamman na sojojin Rasha a cikin ci gabanta an jefar da shi a cikin ƙarni da suka wuce. Tarihi ba su ƙunshi bayani game da wanzuwar raka'a bindigogi guda ɗaya ba. Wannan abin fahimta ne. Don samar da su, akwai mutane da suke shirye su tsage daga samar da sayar da jini don kudi. Kuma a halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki wanda Rasha take, 'yan bindigar sun kasance ba tare da komai ba.