Petro Sagaidachny: ɗan gajeren tarihin, abubuwan ban sha'awa, tarihin tarihi

Pyotr Sahaidachnyi ya bar wata alama mai daraja a tarihi. Gwagwarmayar da 'yancin kai na Ukraine ya yi, a lokacin mulkin Bohdan Khmelnitsky, ya fara daidai a Sagaidachny. Da taimakonsa ga al'adar kasar, sake gyara Ikilisiyar Orthodox da karfafa Ƙungiyar Cossacks duk da haka masana tarihi basu yarda dasu ba.

Petr Konashevich-Sahaidachny: ɗan gajeren lokaci (bayan 1600)

A cikin tarihi adabi samar da sosai kadan bayanai game da yara da kuma matasa na nan gaba hetman na Ukraine. Mafi cikakken bayani game da farkon rayuwar Sagaidachny shine waka na shugaban Kiev Brotherhood School Kasiyan Sakovich. Aka haifi Bitrus a kusa da 1570. Za a iya kafa wurin haifuwa ne kawai bisa dalilin bayani daga waka - kusa da birnin Przemysl. Bayan da muka kalli taswirar Carpathians a lokacin, zamu iya ɗauka cewa wannan ƙauyen Kulchintsy. Iyaye sun kasance masu arziki, amma, ba kamar sauran sauran mutane ba, suna bin addinin Orthodox.

Pyotr Sagaidachny ya yi karatu a makarantun farko na ilimi a gabashin Turai - Ostroh Academy. Bayan sauraron cikakken ilimin makarantar, yana samun kyakkyawan ilimin. Game da farkon lokacin rayuwa na tarihin tarihin tarihi, babu abin da aka sani.

Harshen Sagaidachny a Zaporozhye

Cossacks a farkon karni na 17 shine kadai mai karfi na Ukrainian. Don cimma nasarar aiki na irin wannan karfi, karfi da Cossacks dole ne a sauke shi a cikin hanya madaidaiciya. Sahaidachny da farko ya gabatar da kansa irin wannan aiki kuma ya cika shi.

Game da kwanan lokacin hawan Hetmanate yana da wuya a yi hukunci, domin akwai juyi da yawa. Masanin tarihi na Ukrainian M. Melnychuk ya yi imanin cewa, a 1598 an riga an zabe Konashevich hetman. Mikhail Grushevsky a cikin aikinsa "Tarihin Ukraine-Rus" ya bayyana ra'ayi cewa kwamandan a 1601 kawai ya zo Cossacks. Duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne a yi imani da kowane ɓangaren da aka sama a fili.

Rashin bayanai game da shekarun rayuwan kwamandan bayan kammalawar makarantar Ostroh ya nuna cewa ya fito ne a Zaporozhye wani wuri bayan 1595, amma ba zai iya zama dan kasuwa ba. Ya zama dole a sami amincewar Cossacks a cikin fadace-fadace. Mafi mahimmanci, an zabi Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny (hoto a matsayin hoton da aka haɗe) a cikin post 1602-1606.

Harkokin siyasa

Na farko hetman wanda ya yi mafarki na yantar da kansa daga mulkin Poland shi ne Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Wani dan kasida daga gare shi ya fito da kyau. Yaya ya shirya ya fahimci mafarkinsa? Manufar ita ce ta haɓaka Cossacks ta hankali. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi haka a wannan lokacin ta hanyar juyin juya hali, domin duka Poland da Ottoman Empire sun kasance da karfi, kuma ba a shirya Zaporozhye Army ba kamar yadda ya kamata.

Sahaidachny ta gudanar da gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare. Yanzu ƙasar na Zaporozhye Army aka raba zuwa regiments da cibiyoyin a manyan birane. A kan wa] annan ku] a] en sun kasance masu mulkin mallaka, wanda ya jagoranci dukan gundumar. A sakamakon wannan garambawul zai karfafa ikon tsaye a kan hagu-banki Ukraine.

Manufar siyasar Bitrus Sagaidachny ta ga wata gwamnatin Ukrainian mai zaman kanta wadda ta jagoranci Cossack siyasa.

Na farko tafiya

Pyotr Sagaidachny kamar yadda kwamandan ya nuna kansa kusan nan da nan bayan ya karbi matsayi na jagoranci. Na farko daga cikin shahararrun abin da aka yi a 1605. Sojojin Zaporizhian suka ci Varna (tururuwan Turkiyya). Alamar wannan nasarar ita ce ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, 1444, Turks a Varna suka mamaye Poles. Pyotr Sagaidachny tare da sojansa sun isa birnin daga teku, suka sauka a filin jirgin sama, suka sa shi ba a san shi ba ga Turks, wanda ya ba da damar kayar da garuruwan da ke yankin. Manufar wannan yakin ya samu, saboda Cossacks suka saki bayi, waɗanda suka yawaita, kuma sun tattara kullun da yawa.

A kowace shekara bayan tafiya zuwa Varna, Pyotr Sagaidachny da Cossacks suka yi tafiya. Babban burin kowane tashar zuwa teku shine 'yanci na Ukrainians, waɗanda aka sayar a cikin kasuwanni masu sana'a a cikin birane na Black Sea da ke karkashin jagorancin Turks da Crimean Khan a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, Cossacks daga hikes da yawa daban-daban ganima. 1607 aka alama ta kai hare-hare na Cossacks a kan Krymskoe Hanstvo (ya ƙone Perekop da Ochakov). A shekara mai zuwa, Cossacks suka kai hari a garuruwan kudu maso yammacin wannan lardin Odessa (Kiliya, Izmel), inda aka kawo tsohon tsohon bayi.

Yakin da aka yi a shekarun 1614 da 1616

Hanyoyin jiragen ruwa ba su ƙare ba. Ƙarfinsu ya ƙaru kawai. Shirin zuwa Turkiyya da kanta ya kasance mai nisa kuma mai haɗari, amma burin ya kasance mai kyau - lalacewar abokan gaba da saki fursunoni. Dubban Cossacks a kan gwanayensu sun kai iyakar Turkiyya. Sun kasance sun iya halakar da tashar jiragen ruwa na Sinop. Ana kiyasta yawan kuɗin da aka kwatanta da lalacewa a zlotys miliyan 40. A cikin wannan yakin, Cossacks sun saki dubban fursunonin Orthodox.

Muhimmancin tafiya zuwa Cafu a shekara ta 1616 yana da wuyar samun karimci. Peter Sagaidachny a matsayin kwamandan ya zama mai kyau, saboda nasara ya dangana ne akan wayo. A fita daga Dnieper a cikin teku, Cossacks sun yi tuntuɓe a kan rukuni na tashar Turkancin Turkiyya da suka shiga. Cossacks sun cinye Turks: wasu daga cikin gulls (kuma akwai 150 a duk) sun koma Sich, sauran kuma sun ɓoye kusa da Ochakov. Turkiyya sun yi tunanin cewa Cossacks ya bar. Babu sauran matsalolin Cossacks. Wannan nasara a Cafe ya ba da zarafi don komawa ga iyalansu da yawa daga cikin bayi na Orthodox.

Petr Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Historical hoto na Hetman al'adu da manufofin

Sahaidachny yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi ilimi a wannan lokacin a Ukraine. Sanin cewa Cossacks sun kasance haƙiƙa a cikin jama'a, amma daga nesa da kowannensu yana da akalla ilimi, ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin dukan Cossacks a Kyiv Brotherhood. Makasudin: farfadowar rayuwar al'adu a Ukraine da kuma inganta al'adun al'adun Cossacks.

Bugu da ƙari, Petr Konashevich-Sagaidachny (wani ɗan gajeren tarihin da aka ba a cikin labarin) ya shirya gyarawa na Ofishin Orthodox a Kiev. Bayan sanarwar Ƙungiyar Brest na 1586, kusan dukkanin majami'u da kuma majami'u sun zama mallakar Ikilisiyar Katolika. A kan hanyar zuwa Moscow zuwa Urushalima a Kiev, ya dakatar da babban sashen Orthodox, Theophilus, tare da wanda ya sadu da shi. Ya bayyana wa ubangijin halin da ya faru da Orthodoxy na Ukrain. Bisa ga shawarar da Theophilus ya yanke, an karbe shi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar roƙon hetman, a cikin 1615 an sake mayar da birnin Kyiv; Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta sake dawo da dukiyarta. An zabi babban birnin Kiev da shida bishops, wanda suka jagoranci shafukan a ƙasa.

Kasancewa da Cossacks a cikin yakin da Moscow

A shekarar 1618, 'yan kwaminis sun yi yaƙi da dokokin Moscow. Sanin cewa suna bukatar taimakon soja daga Zaporozhye, jagorancin kasar ya juya zuwa Sagaidachnoy. Ya kuma fahimtar irin matsayi na cikin harshen Poland, ya gabatar da buƙatar matsalolin siyasa (za mu yi la'akari da su a ƙasa) wanda aka karɓa. Sai dai bayan yarda akan yiwuwar cika bukatun da 'yan Cossack suka fitar. Ƙara Cossacks zuwa cikin gida na Muscovy quite da sauri. A lokacin yakin, an kama garuruwan Rasha guda 20, wasu daga cikinsu suka kone wuta. Sojojin Zaporozhye a nan sun yi amfani da wayo, suna canza canje-canje a fadin Oka River ba tare da haɗuwa da waɗannan birni ba, wanda kama shi zai iya haifar da matsaloli. Petro Sagaidachny (tarihin hetman yana da ban sha'awa sosai) ya yanke shawara ne kawai don kewaye da birane kamar Kolomna da Zaraysk. Kafin zuwan Moscow, an samu sakon cewa an kammala yarjejeniya tsakanin Poles da Muscovites.

Sagaidach na siyasa

A matsayina na diflomasiyya, wannan mutumin ya samu nasara a Ukraine. Rzeczpospolita aka tilasta su yarda da cika bukatun da Ukrainian gefe. A cikin shekara ta 1618, kafin yakin Moscow, mafi girma na Cossacks ya gabatar da irin wannan yanayin:

• Abolition na Yaren mutanen Poland dubawa na Cossacks;
• Tabbatar da ikon hetman a kan dukan ƙasar Ukraine;
• Ƙara yawan hakkoki na Cossacks;
• Tabbatar da 'Yancin Shari'a daga Kotu;
• 'Yancin addini na yawan jama'a.

Dalili na ƙarshe shine nufin karfafa ƙarfin Orthodoxy akan ƙasashen Ukraine, saboda firistocin da ba a yarda da shi ba su yi tasiri sosai.

Raccan lokaci na kwamandan

Yaƙi tsakanin Poland da Turkiyya sun fara kusan bayan ƙarshen rikici da Muscovy. Kwallon kwalliya ba za su iya yin ba tare da Cossacks - sojojin da suka fi karfi a cikin mulkin ba. Rashin lalacewa don ƙarshen rayuwar Hetman, yaƙin ya faru a kusa da Khotin (a yanzu yankin Khmelnytsky na Ukraine), inda ya yi mummunan rauni.

Tarihin tarihin kwamandan ba zai cika ba tare da bayani game da iyalinsa ba. Ya yi aure, amma a gaba ɗaya, rayuwar iyali bai yi aiki ba. Wataƙila, irin waɗannan mutane ba a haifa ba ne ga iyali, amma ga kasar, don motherland. Bayan haka, hetman ya ba da danginsa ba kawai ga matarsa ba, amma ya ba da buƙatar bukatun majami'u, masallatai da Kyiv Brotherhood.

Ranar Afrilu 22, 1622, babban Hetman na Zaporozhye Army ya mutu daga raunuka da Khotin ya samu.

Ko da yake, tarihin ba ya san yanayin da ya dace, amma, yana nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a 1618-1621, yana yiwuwa a ɗauka tare da tabbacin cewa a lokacin rayuwar Sagaidachny, ba tare da wannan mummunan rauni ba, Ukraine za ta iya samun 'yancin kai ko kuma mai yawa. Wataƙila Bitrus Sagaidachny zai sami wannan, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ba shi yiwuwa ya nuna cikakken cikar da muhimmancin rayuwarsa ga kasar.