Donatello ta wasannin mutum-mutumi. A sculptors na Renaissance. abin tunawa ga Gattamelata

A zamanin da Italian Renaissance a mutunta mutane da yawa ya kasance kamar wata iska daga sabo iska bayan da nauyi da kuma duhu na tsakiyar zamanai. A kasar, tsohon magajin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire, cikakken kubutar wannan matsayin su, ba da duniya mai girma da yawan m artists. A Italian Renaissance wani lokaci na yaxu dukkan zane-zane, daga gine-gine zuwa music. Daya daga cikin shugabannin da wannan tsari a dama ne a sassaka. A babban mahaliccinsa, domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, m da ci gaban sassaka shi ne babban Donatello. Amma da farko abubuwan da farko.

Ta tashi mai gidan bayan wani dogon barci

A tsakiyar zamanai, da sassaka an ɓangare daga cikin gine-gine da kuma ba ta yi ciki a matsayin mai raba art. Tun farkon da Renaissance da aka canza: shi zai fara zuwa aiki a cikin gine-gine was kamar yadda karin, amma duk da haka raba abubuwa. Daya daga cikin na farko daga cikin da yawa rassan ma'adanin na sassaka juya zuwa fuskanci hakikanin gaskiya da kuma rayuwar talakawa mutãne misã, motsi daga addini abun ciki. Hakika, Kirista jigogi ne mayar da hankali na artists, amma ƙara su suna juya zuwa Sahaban.

Akwai sabon nau'o'i ɓullo da hoto, wasannin mutummutumai akwai. Sassaka zama babban juzu'in tsakiya na gine-gine was, canza ma'anar da kuma ajiye wasulla - motsi daga wani goyon rawa. Akwai sabon kayan. A kan itacen maye gurbinsu da wani marmara da tagulla. A Arewa Italiya a cikin manyan yawa samar terracotta mutummutumai (sanya na yumɓun wuta). Tun jerawa Lorenzo Ghiberti fara yada dabara glazed terracotta. Da sauri fadi cikin soyayya tare da shugabanninmu da tagulla, tare da m tsararru na abũbuwan amfãni a kan sauran kayan.

A sculptors na Renaissance

Riga mai suna Lorenzo Ghiberti yi aiki a cikin XV karni da kuma yana daga cikin na farko artists suka kõma zuwa ga labarun almara. A tsakiyar wuri a cikin aiki cikin rayuwar (1378-1455) tafiyad da matsalar samar da kyakkyawan monumental taimako. Fiye da shekaru ashirin Ghiberti yi aiki a kan arewa ƙofar Baptistery na Florence. The taimako qagaggun, halitta da master ta hanyar wasiyya da Gothic style: da angularity na Frames da sanar da su zuwa ga kari na abun da ke ciki yana nufin daidai da wannan hadisin. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai a aiki da wani sabon wahayi na sarari, halayyar riga Renaissance.

Idon basira hanya tare da cikakken karfi juya zuwa baptistery gabashin ƙofar kan wanda Ghiberti aiki wani shekara ashirin. Wanda aka nuna batutuwa muhimmi kyakkyawa da musamman liveliness: wani adadi na gwargwado ga wuri mai faɗi cike da cikakken bayani, da Lines aka rubuta a fili da kuma a rarrabe ladabi. Eastern Gate na Baptistery suna dauke su daya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na Florence kuma suna da wani irin alama ce da rabo daga cikin sabon halin a sassaka a kan gado na baya.

Wani mashahuri sculptor na Italian Renaissance ya Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Ya kasance da farko malamin Velikogo Leonardo Vinci, wanda ya nuna almajiri yawa dabaru in sassaka da zane. Duk da haka, Verrocchio zane-zane kusan bai tsira, ba za a iya ce ya sculptures.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun daga cikin ayyukansa - da mutum-mutumi na David, ga wanda, a cewar labari, da samfurin wani m dalibi na master. Wannan tabbatarwa, duk da haka, shi ne sosai m. Lalle wani - David Verrokko fili ya nuna inda Vinci dauki da dama da suka fi so dabaru: lush mala'iku curls, musamman jiki hali da kuma sanannen rabin murmushi.

Babban aikin da Verrocchio shi ne wasannin mutum-mutumi na condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. The mutum-mutumi nuna yawa tsoma na Renaissance art: marmarin kai da tsari a gaba ɗayansa, da tasiri na da tankwara da sassaka, da marmarin kai motsin zuciyarmu da kuma motsi a cikin daskararre adadi.

Primus Inter pares

A sculptors na Renaissance da ta search for wani sabon salon da kuma roko ga kusan manta tsufa har yanzu zai yi duba kamar wani bai cika hoto, kada da kasance daga gare su Donatello. Babban maye, za ka iya shakka a kira wani majagaba, don haka akwai da yawa sababbin abubuwa a cikin sassaka saboda shi. Ba tare da shi, mai girma da yawa za a hana Renaissance: Donatello samu da mafita zuwa barga halitta daga matsalar da Figures, koya auku nauyi, nauyi, da kuma jiki mutunci, na farko tun zamanin d Masters halitta a tsirara mutum-mutumi da kuma fara haifar da sculptural hotuna. Ya aka gane a matsayin mahaliccin lokacin da yake rayuwa, da kuma kawo ci gaban da art wani zamanin.

farko na hanya

Donatello, wanda biography ba ya dauke da ainihin ranar haihuwa (mai yiwuwa a 1386), ya zo daga wani iyali artisan ulu carder. Ya aka haife mai yiwuwa a Florence ko ta karkata. Cikakken sunan Donatello - Donato Di Niccolo di Betti Bardi.

A nan gaba shahara Italian sculptor aka horar a cikin bitar da Ghiberti a lokacin da ya yi aiki a kan halittar arewacin ƙofar Baptistery. Zai yiwu shi ne a nan Donatello gana da m Brunelleschi, wanda aminci ya rike dukan rayuwarsa.

A m ci gaba da basira ya kai ga cewa tuni a 1406 matasa Donatello ya raba oda. Ya aka umurci yin mutum-mutumi na annabi ga portal na Florence babban coci.

marmara David

Donatello, wanda aiki a cikin shekara ta farko da aikinsa nuna da haske hali na marubucin, jim kadan bayan da tsari da aka sanya sabon. A 1407-1408 shekaru ya yi aiki a kan marmara mutum-mutumi na David. A sassaka ba haka ba ne m matsayin daga baya image na Littafi Mai Tsarki gwarzo, sanya da maigida, amma shi nuna irin bukatun da nema mahalicci. David ba wanda aka nuna a cikin gargajiya nau'i mellow sarki garaya ko wani littafin. Amma a matsayin saurayi wanda ya kawai ya ci Jãlũta, kuma alfahari da feat. The mutum-mutumi ya tuna min da image na zamanin d heroes: David ginu daya hannun a kan hip, ƙafafunsa Allaha abokan hamayyarsu kai da jiki nade taushi folds tufafi. Ko da yake har yanzu marmara mutum-mutumi ƙunshi amo mara sa na Gothic, shi nasa ne Renaissance ne undeniable.

Ko San Michele

Donatello nema ya haifar da nasu aikin shan la'akari ba kawai jituwa rabbai da sauran gine-gine na adadi, amma kuma wani wuri na musamman inda mutum-mutumi za a sanya. HalittunSa ne mafi m duba daidai inda suka sanya bayan kammala. Yana halitta da alama cewa su ne ko da yaushe akwai kuma suna. A wannan aikin da Donatello tare da kyautata na iyawa ƙara motsa daga canons na Gothic da kuma na da depersonalization. images halitta da su don saya haske mutum fasali, expressiveness ne sau da yawa samu ta hanyar sababbu fasali.

Duk wadannan nuances na master ta da kyau bayyanannu a cikin hotunan da na tsarkaka, wanda ya halitta cikin coci na Ko San Michele. A mutummutumai da aka shigar a maharibai, amma da jũna ƙãre m sculptures shige daidaituwa a cikin gine na coci da kuma ba ya dogara ne a kan shi. Musamman daga cikinsu akwai Figures na St. Mark (1411-1412) da kuma St. George (1417). A cikin hoton na farko Donatello gudanar ya kai rashin aiki da kuma m tunani a karkashin cover na jimlar waje da natsuwa. Idan ka ƙirƙiri wani mutum-mutumi na master ya juya zuwa ga tsoho Hanyar barga saitin adadi. Bends da jiki da kuma makamai, kazalika da wuri daga cikin folds da tufafi - duk abin da aka subordinated ga wannan liyafar.

St. George wanda aka nuna a matsayin wani saurayi a cikin makamai, bisa wani talla, ta ruhaniya, m da fuska. Wannan embodiment shi ne manufa hali, wanda ake daidai saurare zuwa biyu epoch kuma mafi Donatello.

Bronze David

Duk malaman yarda cewa daya daga cikin mafi girma da halittun da Donatello ta David ya, sassaka, jefa a tagulla (mai yiwuwa 1430-1440-ies). Vasari, na farko art tarihi, rubuta cewa ta yi umurni da Kozimo Medichi, amma sauran data gaskatãwa wannan al'amari, akwai.

David - al'ada sassaka. Ci gaba da embodiment na shirin, mai saukin kai, a cikin marmara David, Donatello siffanta wani matashi Littafi Mai Tsarki gwarzo da kai kawai ci Goliyat a ƙafafunsa. The kama, duk da haka, a kan wannan kuma iyakar. Bronze David ba kawai matasa, ya ke matasa. Donatello Zagayawar shi tsirara, a hankali la'akari da duk twists da wani karfi, amma ba tukuna kafa cikakken yaron ta jiki. Clothes makiyayi kawai hula da Laurel wreath da kuma takalma da Salazar. Don sa wani adadi na master amfani contrapposto liyafar. Dukan nauyin jiki koma dama kafa, hagu ne David tramples makiya shugaban. Kamar wancan liyafar da aka cimma Feel annashuwa hali, Allaha bayan ƙanƙancewa. A ciki kuzarin kawo cikas peculiar adadi, sauki karanta godiya ga sabawa na jiki daga tsakiyar axis na sassaka da kuma wurin takobi.

Bronze David halitta kamar yadda wani mutum-mutumi, wanda za a iya gani, a kan kõwane. Ya na farko tsirara mutum-mutumi tun lokacin da. The Legacy da Masters zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma zamanin d Roma da aka ji a ko'ina cikin adadi na gwarzo. A lokaci guda siffofi muhimmi sassaka, cike da karfi da hali da kuma ake da shi rungumi Renaissance akida.

Wahayi zuwa gare ta Madawwami City

Kammalã ya basira Master kai har a lokacin tafiya zuwa Roma. Daga cikin birni da cewa riko da manufofin mai girma daular, Donatello kawo zurfin fahimtar da tsoho canons da stylistic na'urorin. Results sake tunani na zamanin d Girkanci da kuma Roman art Donatello amfani a cikin halittar Sashen da majalisar Florence, wanda aka yi aiki daga 1433 1439. Zai yiwu shi ne a cikin Madawwami City wani sabon ra'ayin ziyarci Donatello: da wasannin mutum-mutumi na condottiere Erasmo na Narni, a cikin ra'ayi na da yawa masu bincike, da aka ɗauki cikinsa bayan wani taro ne da tsoho abin tunawa daga Marcus Aurelius.

gwarzo

Erasmo na Narni wani Venetian condottiere, a hayar kyaftin. Ya ƙaddara shi ne ba sosai jaruntakar mãkirci twists, duk da haka wahayi zuwa gare ta Donatello. Gattamelata (wanda yake nufin "honeyed cat") - da wani sunan barkwanci samu wani soja na arziki ga yanayin da softness da kuma lokaci daya da kuma kula insinuating, reminiscent na cikin hali na wani cat a kan prowl. Ya fara aiki tun daga tushe da kuma gaskiya hidima Florence, na gudanar da cimma da yawa. A cikin 'yan shekaru, Gattamelata aiki a matsayin kwamandan da Army na Venetian Jamhuriyar. Bayan mutuwarsa, soja na arziki da za a binne shi a Basilica del Santo a PADUA. Gattamelata mutu a 1443.

Kawasaki Donatello: da wasannin mutum-mutumi na Erasmo na Narni

Venetian Jamhuriyar, tunãni na isa yabo na wani kwamandan soja, jiyar da bazawara, kuma dan a kansa kudi shigar condottiere tunawa. Misalta wannan ra'ayin da kuma fara Donatello. Hawan Doki mutum-mutumi ne ya halitta su ga shekaru goma, daga 1443 zuwa 1453 shekara.

The uku-mita mutum-mutumi na kau da shirin da aka kafa a takwas mita pedestal. The girma na sculptures su ne sakamakon wani ra'ayin da Donatello: da wasannin mutum-mutumi da aka za a sanya a kan bango na wata babbar babban coci da kuma kawai idan da kansa impressiveness iya duba a matsayin na game da m aiki. A Kabarin da aka sanya a cikin wani hanya cewa ya ba da alama cewa ya bar babban coci da kuma sannu a hankali cire tafi.

A pedestal aka yi wa ado da images of ƙõfõfi, raba daga gabas zuwa yamma da kuma kulle. Wannan hali yana da wani takamaiman fassarar: a cikin matattu iya shiga, amma ba zai iya fita daga shi. Da kofofin ne reminiscent na asali manufar da abin tunawa, daidai hukuncin kisa ta hanyar Donatello. Gattamelata a kan doki ya tashi zuwa hurumi na babban coci. Abin tunawa ne asali cenotaph dutsen kabari - da kuma a nan Donatello ya nuna propensity ga bidi'a.

shekaru mutum

Condottiere nuna Donatello - m da kuma cike da makamashi, amma wani tsohon mutum. A hagunsa Wand dama da ya riqe da ragamar. Ya embodies da image na gwarzo na Renaissance: ba ruwan so, amma reinterpreted rai - a warrior-Falsafa, tabbas tunawa da halaye na Donatello. Statue condottiero Gattamelata a lokaci guda ne mai kyau misali da wani hoto sculptor fasaha. Fuskarsa ba za a iya rikita batun tare da wasu: wani waɗansu gwalmõmin hanci, bayyananne layi na bakinka, kananan Chin, kuma cheekbones tsaya a waje.

Tũfa kwamandan - shaidar so ba shi da fasali na zamanin d gwarzo. Gattamelata ado ba a zamani Donatello tufafi da makamai Roman sau. Mai yiwuwa, shi ne ke bi sassa tufafin dauka daga master mafi tsawo lokaci. Duk da haka, a tsari na samar da wani abin tunawa ga Donatello tashi da matsaloli da yawa: shi ya wajaba don ƙirƙirar wani jitu mika mulki daga adadi na doki condottiere, wasulla don ƙirƙirar da ake so ra'ayi. Wadannan da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi dauki lokaci. A sakamakon irin wannan m da kuma ci gaba da aiki hadu duk halin kaka.

Donatello yaba wa aikin, ya ɗauki ta da Sahaban. Wannan ne evidenced da sa hannu na master, ya ba ta bar dukan ayyukansa. Monument condottiere Gattamelata wahayi da yawa sculptors da kuma bayan wani lokaci (kamar Andrea del Verrocchio riga aka ambata a sama).

Judith

Wani kyakkyawan misali na fasaha da Donatello shi ne mutum-mutumi "Judith da Halofanesa", halitta a 1455-1457 shekaru. Artwork misalta Tsohon Alkawari labarin da na gwauruwa daga Betuliya, jaruntaka kashe Assuriyawa janar Halofanesa ceci birni daga ci. Frail mace tare da ware ganinsu, kuma da fuska cike da baƙin ciki, da yake riƙe a hannunsa takobi gudanar high, a shirye su yanke kan jingina limply a ƙafafunta mãye Halofanesa.

"Judith da Halofanesa" - wani bambance-bambancen da rare a cikin Renaissance hadisai na mace heroism. Donatello sa a cikin wannan aiki duk da basira da kuma ya iya wuce matsayin kewayon ji, Judith, da symbolism na image a matsayin dukan. A mafi ma'ana ɓangare na abun da ke ciki - fuskar gwauruwa ta gaske. Yana yi aiki daga haka da cewa alama da rai. A lokacin da kallon Judith, halitta da Donatello, sosai sauki gane abin da motsin zuciyarmu ba ta ji. Tausasãwa fasaha Legends fuskanci ma'ana siffofin halayyar da master, a cike da aka amfani da Donatello ne a cikin wannan sassaka.

Donatello mutu girma a 1466. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rai na da muradi na tsufa, mutuwa da kuma wahala a fili mamaye a cikin aikinsa. A wannan lokacin, akwai Mariya Magdalina da Donatello - ba yadda nake alfaharin da kyakkyawa da cike da makamashi yarinya, amma m da yin azumi da kuma jin nauyi na shekaru rayuwa da haihuwa mace. Duk da haka, a cikin wadannan, da kuma a cikin farkon ayyukan ruhu na m sculptor ne har yanzu da rai da kuma ci gaba da ƙwarin da kuma ta da hankali.